托福阅读基础班讲义printed version.docx
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托福阅读基础班讲义printed version.docx
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托福阅读基础班讲义printedversion
托福阅读基础班讲义
Version20100625
TableofContents
Ⅰ.BasicReadingRequirements2
1.1.MaterialReference2
1.2.Vocabulary2
1.3Sentence7
1.3.1ParallelConstructions12
1.3.2Parentheticalsentence13
1.3.3Phrases13
1.3.4Appositons16
1.3.5Attributiveclauses16
1.3.6Complexsentences17
Ⅱ.EffectiveReadingPractice20
2.1Coherence20
2.2.Structure23
Ⅲ.CriticalReadingPractice24
3.1Distinguishfactfromopinion24
3.2Topic(generalization)andmainidea25
3.3.Purposeandinference26
Tableofwordswithvariousmeanings:
28
TableofCorrelativewords29
Complexsentencesforpractice30
VocabularywithContexts34
Ⅰ.BasicReadingRequirements
1.1.MaterialReference
•§BuildingSkillsfortheTOEFLiBT(NorthStar)
•§OldTOEFLReadingPassages
•§OldTOEFLVocabulary
•§EffectiveReadinginaChangingWorld
1.2.Vocabulary
•§Howmanywords?
•§Howtopromoteefficiency?
•§Whatkindsofwords?
•√multivocalwords
•√abstractwords
•√academicwords
•√correlativewords
√multivocalwords
•Littletest:
1.TheNativeAmericansofnorthernCaliforniawerehighlyskilledatbasketry,usingthereeds,grasses,bards,androotstheyfoundaroundthemtofashionarticlesofallsortsandsizes-notonlytrays,containers,andcookingpots,buthats,boats,fishtraps,babycarriers,andceremonialobjects.
2.Largedomesticanimalsbecamethesocieties’mainsourceofanimalprotein,replacingwildgame,andtheyalsofurnishedwool,leather,andlandtransport.
3.Theadvantageofnestingoncliffsistheimmunityitgivesfromfoxes,whichcannotscalethesheerrocks,andfromravensandotherspeciesofgulls,whichhavedifficultyinlandingonnarrowledgestostealeggs.
4.Mostmachines,nomatterhowcomplextheymaybe,arecombinationsoftheleverandtheinclinedplane.
5.IntheforegroundrosetheGongtangPagodawithitsdazzlinggildedstuparisingabovearectangularseriesofgreentiledslopingroofs.Beyond,leadinguptothemountainslaythefabledLabrangMonastery.Surroundingtheentirecomplexstretchedareddish-brownwall,severalkilometerslong,linedwithhundredsofprayerwheels.
•Moreaboutmultivocalwords:
1.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability-----rents.
2.ThefirstwellsweredrilledintotheOgallaladuringthedroughtyearsoftheearly1930’s.Theensuingrapidexpansionofirrigationagriculture,especiallyfromthe1950’sonward,transformedtheeconomyoftheregion.
3.TheauthormentionstheIceAgeropefoundintheFrenchcaveofLascauxasanexampleofanitemonwhichthemarksofwearimplythatitwasusedbyaright-handedperson
4.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.
5.Blackwasconsideredinappropriatebecauseofitsassociationwithdeath.
6.Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.Thesemiaridlandsborderingthedesertsexistinadelicateecologicalbalanceandarelimitedintheirpotentialtoadjusttoincreasedenvironmentalpressures.
7.Asafamouswoman,Fengjie’sdispositionhasbeenmarkedasextremeself-confidence.ThedispositionofFurong’s“S”posturecannotmatchupwithFengjie’ssuddenturnofherfacewithacharmingsmile.Thedispositionofallthesenationaltreasuresoverseashasignitedtheadmirationofforeignnewsagency,suchasthereportofBrothersharp.
8.Passedfromgenerationtogenerationbywordofmouth,everysocietyhasafavoriteimaginedfigurethatisseeninthesurfacemarkingsofthefullmoon.InAsiaandEurope,itiscommonlyahare,whileNorthAmericansseethe"maninthemoon"orthe"ladyinthemoon."
9.Inorderforthestructuretoachievethesizeandstrengthnecessarytomeetitspurpose,architectureemploysmethodsofsupportthat,becausetheyarebasedonphysicallaws,havechangedlittlesincepeoplefirstdiscoveredthem–evenwhilebuildingmaterialshavechangeddramatically.
10.Reflectiononacomplextasksuchasteachingisnoteasy."Theteachersweretakenthroughaprogramoftalkingaboutteachingevents,movingontoreflectingaboutspecificissuesinasupported,andlateranindependentmanner.
thereflectioninamirror
dosth.withoutsufficientreflection
reflectionsonthecurrentsituation
Heissimplyareflectionofhisfather.
RecommendedSolution
•TableofMutivocalwords
•Requirements:
•Lookallthesewordsup
•Writedownallthemeanings
√abstractwords
•Littletest:
1.Mostpsychologists,perplexedbythefeelingstheyacknowledgearearousedbyaestheticexperience,haveclaimedthattheseemotionsaregenuine,butdifferentinkindfromnonaestheticemotions.This,however,isadescriptivedistinctionratherthananempiricalobservationandconsequentlylacksexplanatoryvalue.
2.ThistrendbeganduringtheSecondWorldWar,whenseveralgovernmentscametotheconclusionthatthespecificdemandsthatagovernmentwantstomakeofitsscientificestablishmentcannotgenerallybeforeseenindetail.
•Desire;demand;need
•Special;specific
•establish;setup
3.NSadvance,page10:
•Reasonable;reasoning
•Prioritize;priority
4.Whenexperimentallydeprivedbabyrobinsareplacedinanestwithnormallyfedsiblings,thehungrynestlingsbegmoreloudlythanusualbutsodotheirbetter-fedsiblings,thoughnotasloudlyasthehungrierbirds.
Theresearchersfoundthatthetemporallobeofthebrain,theregioninvolvedinlanguageprocessing,wasactivatedduringverbaltasksinrestedsubjectsbutnotindeprivedsubjects.
•Definition:
抽象
•Range:
verbsandadjectives
RecommendedSolution
•ListofOldTOEFLActualVocabulary
•ReadingpassagesofNS,highintermediateandadvanced
•Requirements:
•1.Markalltheabstractwords
•2.Makedifferencesbetweensynonymy
•3.Makesentencewitheachabstractwords
√academicwords
•Elaborationofacademicbackground
•1.NaturalandPhysicalSciences
•2.BiologicalSciences
•3.ArtsandAmericanHistory
•4.SocialSciences
•5.Humanities
•6.Biographyandothers
1.NaturalandPhysicalSciences
ThenuclearenergyisreleasedattheSun'scenterashigh-energygammaradiation,aformofelectromagneticradiationlikelightandradiowaves,onlyofverymuchshorterwavelength.ThisgammaradiationisabsorbedbyatomsinsidetheSun,tobere-emittedatslightlylongerwavelengths.Thisradiation,initsturn,isabsorbedandre-emitted.Astheenergyfiltersthroughthelayersofthesolarinterior,itpassesthroughthex-raypartofthespectrum,eventuallybecominglight.Atthisstage,ithasreachedwhatwecallthesolarsurface,andcanescapeintospace,withoutbeingabsorbedfurtherbysolaratoms.AverysmallfractionoftheSun'slightandheatisemittedinsuchdirectionsthat,afterpassingunhinderedthroughinterplanetaryspace,ithitstheEarth.
2.BiologicalSciences
Moltoftheflightfeathersisthemosthighlyorganizedpartoftheprocess.Somespecies,forexample,beginbydroppingtheoutermostprimaryfeathersoneachside(toretainbalanceintheair)andwaituntilthereplacementfeathersareaboutone-thirdgrownbeforesheddingthenextoutermost,andsoon.Othersalwaysstartwiththeinnermostprimaryfeathersandworkoutward.Yetotherspeciesbegininthemiddleandworkoutwardonbothsides.Mostducksshedtheirwingfeathersatonce,andremainflightlessfortwoorthreeweekswhilethereplacementfeathersgrow.
3.ArtsandAmericanHistory
TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaradicalortotalchange.Itwasnotasuddenandviolentoverturningofthepoliticalandsocialframework,suchaslateroccurredinFranceandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindependentnations.Significantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerenotbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.
4.SocialSciences
Theterm“satellitecity”isusedtodescribetherelationshipbetweenalargecityandneighboringsmallercitiesandtownsthatareeconomicallydependentuponit.Satellitecitiesmaybecollectionanddistributionpointsinthecommerciallinkagesofatradingmetropolis,ortheymaybemanufacturingorminingcentersexistingwithoneindustryeconomicsasthecreaturesofsomenearbycenter.Thislatterformiswhatisgenerallymeantwhenoneusestheterm"satellitecity."Takeninthissense,nineteenth-centuryChicopeeandLowell,Massachusetts,weresatellitesofBoston.BothweremilltownscreatedbyBostoninvestorstoservetheeconomyofthatNewEnglandmetropolis.
5.Humanities
Themostinterestingarchitecturalphenomenonofthe1970'swastheenthusiasmforrefurbishingolderbuildings.Obviously,thiswasnotanentirelynewphenomenon.Whatisnewisthewholesaleinterestinreusingthepast,inrecycling,inadaptiverehabilitation.Afewtrialefforts,suchasGhirardellSquareinSanFrancisco,provedtheirfinancialviabilityinthe1960's,butitwasinthe1970’s.withstronggovernmentsupportthroughtaxincentivesandrapiddepreciation,aswellasgrowinginterestinecologyissues,thatrecyclingbecameamajorfactorontheurbanscene.
6.Biographyandothers
ThoughFaulknerwaspraisedbysomecriticsandreviewersduringthefirstpart
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