Ireland汇总文档格式.docx
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Ireland汇总文档格式.docx
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Noun--Irishman,Irishwoman.Adjective--Irish.
Population(June2011):
4,581,269.
Cities:
Capital--Dublin(pop.525,383).Othercities--Cork(118,912),Galway(75,414),Limerick(56,779),Waterford(46,747).
Populationbreakdown:
0-14years(22%),15-24years(12%),25-44years(32%),45-64years(23%),65yearsandover(11%).
Populationgrowthrate(2010est.):
0.3%.
Ethnicgroups:
Irish,withEnglishminority.
Religions:
RomanCatholic86.8%;
ChurchofIreland3%;
Presbyterian0.5%;
Methodist0.25%;
Muslim1%;
Jewish0.1%;
other8.35%.
Languages:
English,Irish(Gaelic).
Education:
Compulsoryuptoage16.Enrollmentrates--first(primary)level509,652;
second(highschoolandvocational)level356,107;
third(universityandcollege)level150,422.Literacy--99%.
Health:
Infantmortalityrate--3.71/1,000.Lifeexpectancyatbirth--male76.8years,female81.6years.
Workforce:
Services--74%,industry--21%,agriculture--5%.
Government
Type:
Parliamentaryrepublic.
Independence:
December6,1921.
Constitution:
December29,1937.
Branches:
Executive--president,headofstate;
primeminister(taoiseach--pronounced"
TEE-shuck"
),headofgovernment.Legislative--bicameralnationalparliament(Oireachtas--pronounced"
o-ROCK-tas"
):
HouseofRepresentatives(Dail--pronounced"
DOIL"
)andSenate(Seanad--pronounced"
SHAN-ad"
).Judicial--SupremeCourt,CourtofCriminalAppeal,HighCourt,CircuitCourt,andDistrictCourt.
Administrativesubdivisions:
26counties,34localauthorities.
Majorpoliticalparties:
FiannaFail,FineGael,Labour,GreenParty,SinnFein(pronounced“FEE-naFall,”“FEE-naGale,”and“SHINFane”).
Suffrage:
Universalat18.
Economy
NominalGDP(2010):
$208.3billion.
RealGDPgrowth(2010):
-1.6%.
NominalGDPpercapita(2010):
$46,592.
Naturalresources:
Zinc,lead,naturalgas,barite,copper,gypsum,limestone,dolomite,peat.
Agriculture(2%ofGDP):
Products--cattle,meat,anddairyproducts;
barley;
hay;
silage;
wheat.
Industry(29%ofGDP):
Types--foodprocessing,beverages,engineering,computerequipment,textilesandclothing,chemicals,pharmaceuticals.
Trade(2010,IrelandCentralStatisticsOfficedata):
Exports--$119.9billion(excludingservices):
machinery,transportequipment,chemicals,food,manufacturedmaterials,beverages.Imports--$59.9billion(excludingservices):
grains,petroleumproducts,machinery,transportequipment,chemicals,textileyarns.Majorsuppliers--GreatBritainandNorthernIreland30%,U.S.18%,France5%,Germany7%,China6%,Japan2%;
restoftheworld(includingotherEUmemberstates)32%.
PEOPLEANDHISTORY
TheIrishpeoplearemainlyofCelticorigin,withthecountry'
sonlysignificantsizedminorityhavingdescendedfromtheAnglo-Normans.Englishisthecommonlanguage,butIrish(Gaelic)isalsoanofficiallanguageandistaughtinschools.
Anglo-IrishwriterssuchasSwift,Sheridan,Goldsmith,Burke,Wilde,Joyce,Yeats,Shaw,andBecketthavemadeamajorcontributiontoworldliteratureoverthepast300years,withfourIrishwritershavingwontheNobelPrizeforLiterature.
Theearliestinhabitants--peopleofamid-StoneAgeculture--arrivedabout6000BC.About4,000yearslater,tribesfromsouthernEuropearrivedandestablishedahighNeolithicculture,leavingbehindgoldornamentsandhugestonemonuments.TheBronzeAgepeople,whoarrivedduringthenext1,000years,producedelaborategoldandbronzeornamentsandweapons.
TheIronAgearrivedabruptlyinthefourthcenturyBCwiththeinvasionoftheCelts,atall,energeticpeoplewhohadspreadacrossEuropeandGreatBritainintheprecedingcenturies.TheCelts,orGaels,andtheirmorenumerouspredecessorsdividedintofivekingdomsinwhich,despiteconstantstrife,arichcultureflourished.
ThecomingofChristianityfromacrosstheIrishSeabroughtmajorchangesandcivilizinginfluences.TraditionmaintainsthatSt.PatrickarrivedontheislandinAD432and,intheyearsthatfollowed,workedtoconverttheIrishtoChristianity.
Thepagandruidtraditioncollapsedbeforethespreadofthenewfaith,andIrishscholarsexcelledinthestudyofLatinlearningandChristiantheologyinthemonasteriesthatflourished.MissionarieswentforthfromIrelandtoEnglandandthecontinent,spreadingnewsofthefloweringoflearning,andscholarsfromothernationscametoIrishmonasteries.TheexcellenceandisolationofthesemonasterieshelpedpreserveLatinandGreeklearningduringtheDarkAges.Theartsofmanuscriptillumination,metalworking,andsculptureflourishedandproducedsuchtreasuresastheBookofKells,ornatejewelry,andthemanycarvedstonecrossesthatdottheisland.
TwohundredyearsofVikinginvasionandsettlementwaslaterfollowedbyaNormanconquestinthe12thcentury.TheNormanconquestresultedintheassimilationoftheNormansettlersintoIrishsociety.Theearly17thcenturysawthearrivalofScottishandEnglishProtestants,sentascoloniststothenorthofIrelandandthePalearoundDublin.
In1800theIrishparliamentpassedtheActofUnionwithGreatBritain,andIrelandwasanofficialpartoftheUnitedKingdomuntil1921.Religiousfreedom,outlawedinthe18thcentury,wasrestoredin1829,butthisvictoryfortheIrishCatholicmajoritywasovershadowedbyasevereeconomicdepressionandthegreatfamineof1846-48whenthepotatocropfailed.Millionsdied,andmillionsmoreemigrated,spawningthefirstmasswaveofIrishemigrationtotheUnitedStates.Adecadelater,in1858,theIrishRepublicanBrotherhood(IRB--alsoknownastheFenians)wasfoundedasasecretsocietydedicatedtoarmedrebellionagainsttheBritish.Anabove-groundpoliticalcounterpart,theHomeRuleMovement,wascreatedin1874,advocatingconstitutionalchangeforindependence.
GalvanizedbytheleadershipofCharlesStewartParnell,thepartywasabletoforceBritishgovernmentsafter1885tointroduceseveralhomerulebills.TheturnofthecenturywitnessedasurgeofinterestinIrishnationalism,includingthefoundingofSinnFein("
OurselvesAlone"
)asanopenpoliticalmovement.
NationalismwasandisapotentpopulistforceinIrishpolitics.Ahomerulebillwaspassedin1914,butitsimplementationwassuspendeduntilwarinEuropeended.Believingthemantra:
"
England'
sproblemisIreland'
sopportunity,"
andtappingintoamoodofGaelicrevivalism,PadraicPearseandJamesConnollyledtheunsuccessfulEasterRisingof1916.Pearseandtheother1916leadersdeclaredanindependentIrishrepublic,butalackofpopularsupportdoomedtherebellion,whichlastedaweekanddestroyedlargeportionsofDublin.ThedecisionbytheBritishmilitarygovernmenttoexecutetheleadersoftherebellion,coupledwiththeBritishGovernment'
sthreatofconscriptingtheIrishtofightintheGreatWar,alienatedpublicopinionandproducedmassivesupportforSinnFeininthe1918generalelection.UndertheleadershipofEamondeValera,theelectedSinnFeindeputiesconstitutedthemselvesasthefirstDail.Tensionsonlyincreased:
BritishattemptstosmashSinnFeinignitedtheAnglo-IrishWarof1919-1921.
TheendofthewarbroughttheAnglo-Irishtreatyof1921,whichestablishedtheIrishFreeStateof26countieswithintheBritishCommonwealthandrecognizedthepartitionoftheislandintoIrelandandNorthernIreland,althoughthiswassupposedlyatemporarymeasure.ThesixpredominantlyProtestantcountiesofnortheastUlster--NorthernIreland--remainedapartoftheUnitedKingdomwithlimitedself-government.AsignificantIrishminorityrepudiatedthetreatysettlementbecauseofthecontinuanceofsubordinatetiestotheBritishmonarchandthepartitionoftheisland.Thisoppositionledtofurtherhostilities--acivilwar(1922-23),whichwaswonbythepro-treatyforces.
In1932,NewYork-bornEamondeValera,thepoliticalleaderoftheforcesinitiallyopposedtothetreaty,becamePrimeMinister,andanewIrishconstitutionwasenactedin1937.ThelastBritishmilitarybasesweresoonwithdrawn,andtheportswerereturnedtoIrishcontrol.IrelandwasneutralinWorldWarII.ThegovernmentformallydeclaredIrelandarepublicin1948;
however,itdoesnotnormallyusetheterm"
RepublicofIreland,"
whichtacitlyacknowledgesthepartition,butreferstothecountrysimplyas"
Ireland."
GOVERNMENTANDPOLITICALCONDITIONS
Irelandisasovereign,independent,democraticstatewithaparliamentarysystemofgovernment.Thepresident,whoservesasheadofstateinaceremonialrole,iselectedfora7-yeartermandcanbere-electedonlyonce.MichaelHigginssucceededMaryMcAleeseasPresidentonNovember11,2011.Incarryingoutcertainconstitutionalpowersandfunctions,thepresidentisaidedbytheCouncilofState,anadvisorybody.Onthetaoiseach'
s(primeminister'
s)advice,thepresidentalsodissolvestheOireachtas(parliament).
Theprimeminister(taoiseach)iselectedbytheDail(lowerhouseofparliament)astheleaderofthepoliticalparty,orcoalitionofparties,thatwinsthemostseatsinthenationalelections,whichareheldapproximatelyevery5years(unlesscalledearlier).ExecutivepowerisvestedinacabinetwhoseministersarenominatedbythetaoiseachandapprovedbytheDail.
ThebicameralOireachtas(parliament)consistsoftheSeanadEireann(Senate)andtheDailEireann(HouseofRepresentatives).TheSeanadiscomposedof60members--11nominatedbytheprimeminister,sixelectedbythenationaluniversities,and43electedfrompanelsofcandidatesestablished
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