大学英语四级真题及答案第一套Word下载.docx
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大学英语四级真题及答案第一套Word下载.docx
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SectionA
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Whensomeonecommitsacriminalact,wealwayshopethepunishmentwillmatchtheoffense.Butwhenitcomestooneofthecruelestcrimes--animalfighting--things26workoutthatway.Dog-fightingvictimsare27andkilledforprofitand"
sport,"
yettheircriminalabusersoftenreceivea28sentenceforcausingalifetimeofpain.Roughlyhalfofallfederally-convictedanimalfightersonlygetprobation(缓刑).
Someprogresshasbeenmadeintheprosecution(起诉)ofanimalfighters.ButfederaljudgesoftenrelyheavilyontheU.S.SentencingGuideLineswhenthey29penalties,andinthecaseofanimalfighting,thoseguidelinesareoutdatedandextremely30
TheU.S.SentencingCommission,which31thesesentencingguidelines,isrevisitingthem,proposingtoraisetheminimumsentencefrom6-12to21-27months.Thisisastepintheright32,butwe'
dliketoseetheU.S.SentencingCommissionmakefurtherchangestotheguidelines.
Alongwiththiseffort,we'
reworkingwithanimaladvocatesandstateandfederallawmakersto33anti-crueltylawsacrossthecountry,aswellassupportinglawsandpoliciesthatassistoverburdenedanimal34thatcareforanimalfightingvictims.Thishelpis35importantbecausethehighcostofcaringforanimalvictimsisamajorfactorthatpreventspeoplefromgettinginvolvedincrueltycasesinthefirstplace.
A.convenient
B.creates
C.critically
D.determine
E.direction
F.hesitate
G.inadequate
H.inspired
I.method
J.minimal
K.rarely
L.shelters
M.strengthen
N.sufferings
O.tortured
SectionB
Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
WhenWorkBecomesaGame
A)Whatmotivatesemployeestodotheirjobswell?
Competitionwithcoworkers,forsome.Thepromiseofrewards,forothers.Pureenjoymentofproblem-solving,foraluckyfew.
B)Increasingly,companiesaretappingintothesedesiresdirectlythroughwhathascometobeknownas"
gamification"
:
essentially,turningworkintoagame."
Gamificationisaboutunderstandingwhatitisthatmakesgamesengagingandwhatgamedesignersdotocreateagreatexperienceingames,andtakingthoselearningsandapplyingthemtoothercontextssuchastheworkplaceandeducation,"
explainsKevinWerbach,agamificationexpertwhoteachesattheWhartonSchoolofBusinessattheUniversityofPennsylvaniaintheUnitedStates.
C)Itmightmeanmonitoringemployeeproductivityonadigitalleaderboardandofferingprizestothewinner,orgivingemployeesdigitalbadgesorstarsforcompletingcertainactivities.Itcouldalsomeantrainingemployeeshowtodotheirjobsthroughvideogameplatforms.CompaniesfromGoogletoL'
Oré
altoIBMtoWellsFargoareknowntousesomedegreeofgamificationintheirworkplaces.Andmoreandmorecompaniesarejoiningthem.Arecentreportsuggeststhattheglobalgamificationmarketwillgrowfrom$1.65billionin2015to$11.1billionby2020.
D)Theconceptofgamificationisnotentirelynew,Werbachsays.Companies,marketersandteachershavelonglookedforfunwaystoengagepeople'
sreward-seekingorcompetitivespirits.CrackerJackshasbeen"
gamifying"
itssnackfoodbyputtingasmallprizeinsideformorethan100years,headds,andtheturn-of-the-centurysteelmagnate(巨头)CharlesSchwabissaidtohaveoftencomeintohisfactoryandwrittenthenumberoftonsofsteelproducedonthepastshiftonthefactoryfloor,thusmotivatingthenextshiftofworkerstobeatthepreviousone.
E)Buttheword"
andthewidespread,consciousapplicationoftheconceptonlybeganinearnestaboutfiveyearsago,Werbachsays.Thanksinparttovideogames,thegenerationnowenteringtheworkforceisespeciallyopentotheideaofhavingtheirworkgamified."
Weareatapointwhereinmuchofthedevelopedworldthevastmajorityofyoungpeoplegrewupplayingvideogames,andanincreasinglyhighpercentageofadultsplaythesevideogamestoo,"
Werbachsays.
F)Anumberofcompanieshavesprungup--GamEffective,BunchbailandBadgeville,tonameafew--inrecentyearsofferinggamificationplatformsforbusinesses.Theplatformsthataremosteffectiveturnemployees'
ordinaryjobtasksintopartofarichadventurenarrative."
Whatmakesagamegame-likeisthattheplayeractuallycaresabouttheoutcome,"
Werbachsays."
Theprincipleisaboutunderstandingwhatismotivatingtothisgroupofplayers,whichrequiressomeunderstandingofpsychology."
G)Somepeople,Werbachsays,aremotivatedbycompetition.Salespeopleoftenfallintothiscategory.Forthem,therightkindofgamificationmightbeturningtheirsaiespitchesintoacompetitionwithotherteammembers,completewithadigitalleaderboardshowingwhoiswinningatalltimes.Othersaremoremotivatedbycollaborationandsocialexperiences.OnecompanyWerbachhasstudiedusesgamificationtocreateasenseofcommunityandboostemployees'
morale(士气).Whenemployeeslogintotheircomputers,they'
reshownapictureofoneoftheircoworkersandaskedtoguessthatperson'
sname.
H)Gamificationdoesnothavetobedigital.MonicaCornettirunsacompanythatgamifiesemployeetrainings.Sometimesthisinvolvestechnology,butoftenitdoesnot.Sherecentlydesignedagamificationstrategyforasaiestrainingcompanywithastorm-chasingtheme.Employeesformed"
stormchaserteams"
andcompetedinstorm-themededucationalexercisestoearnvariousrewards."
Rewardsdonothavetobestuff,"
Cornettisays."
Rewardscanbeflexibleworkinghours."
Anothertraining,thisoneforpayrolllaw,usedaSnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfstheme."
SnowWhite"
isavailableforeveryonetouse,butthe"
dwarfs"
arestillundercopyright,soCornettiinventedsound-alikecharacters(GrumpyGus,DopeyDan)toillustratespecificpayrolllawprinciples.
I)Somepeopledonottakenaturailytogamifiedworkenvironments,Cornettisays.Inherexperience,peopleinpositionsofpowerorpeopleinfinanceorengineeringdonottendtolikethesoundoftheword."
Ifwearedesigningforengineers,I'
mnottalkingabouta'
game'
atall,"
Cornettisays."
I'
mtalkingabouta'
simulation'
(模拟),I'
mtalkingabout'
beingabletosolvethisproblem.'
"
J)Gamificationis"
notamagicbullet,"
Werbachwarns.Agamificationstrategythatisnotsufficientlythoughtthroughorwelltailoredtoitsplayersmayengagepeopleforalittlewhile,butitwillnotmotivatepeopleinthelongterm.Itcanalsobeexploitative,especiallywhenusedwithvulnerablepopulations.Forworkers,especiallylow-paidworkers,whodesperatelyneedtheirjobsyetknowtheycanbeeasilyreplaced,gamificationmayfeelmoreliketheHungerGames.WerbachgivestheexampleofseveralDisneylandhotelsinAnaheim,Caiifornia,whichusedlargedigitalleaderboardstodisplayhowefficientlylaundryworkerswereworkingcomparedtooneanother.Someemployeesfoundtheboardmotivating.Toothers,itwastheoppositeoffun.Somebegantostoptakingbathroombreaks,worriedthatiftheirproductivityfelltheywouldbefired.Pregnantemployeesstruggledtokeepup.InaLosAngelesTimesarticle,oneemployeereferredtotheboardasa"
digitalwhip."
Itactuallyhadaverynegativeeffectonmoraleandperformance,"
K)Still,gamificationonlystandstobecomemorepopular,hesays,"
asmoreandmorepeoplecomeintotheworkforcewhoarefamiliarwiththestructuresandexpressionsofdigitaigames."
Wearefarfromreachingthepeak,"
Cornettiagrees."
Thereisnoreasonthiswillgoaway."
36.Somefamouscompaniesarealreadyusinggamificationandmorearetryingtodothesame.
37.Gamificationisnotamiraclecureforallworkplacesasitmayhavenegativeresults.
38.Toenhancemorale,onecompanyasksitsemployeestoidentifytheirfellowworkerswhenstartingtheircomputers.
39.Theideaofgamificationwaspracticedbysomebusinessesmorethanacenturyago.
40.Thereisreasontobelievethatgamificationwillbeheretostay.
41.Videogamescontributedinsomewaystothewideapplicationofgamification.
42.Whenturningworkintoagame,itisnecessarytounderstandwhatmakesgamesinteresting.
43.Gamificationinemployeetrainingdoesnotalwaysneedtechnology.
44.Themostsuccessfulgamificationplatformstransformdailyworkassignmentsintofunexperiences.
45.Itisnecessarytousetermsotherthan"
forsomeprofessions.
SectionC
Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefour
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