darkromanticism复习讲义Word下载.docx
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☆BornJuly4,1804inSalem,MA
☆FatherdiedwhenHawthornewasfouryearsold.
☆senttoprivateschooloncehisrelativesdiscoveredhisstorytellingabilities.
☆1821,wenttoBowdoinCollegeinMaine,wherehemetHarrietBeecherStowe,FranklinPierceandHenryLongfellow.
☆MarriedSophiePeabodyin1825
☆Spentmanyyearsinseclusion
–starvingartist.
☆Heldmanyjobsincludingwriter,publisher,workingata,andconsulinEngland.
☆ThroughoutHawthorne’slife,hewasincessantlytroubledwithasenseofguilt,forhisancestors’evilbehaviorsintheSalemWitchesTrials.
☆Hisgreat-great-grandfather,WilliamHathorne,orderedthewhippingofAnneColemanandfourothersinthestreetsofSalem.
☆Hisgreat-grandfather,JohnHathorne,wasthemagistratepresidingoverthetrialoftheaccusedwitchesofSalem(1692).
2.RepresentativeWorks
Twocollectionsofshortstories:
Twice-toldTales(1837)
MossesfromanOldManse(1846)
FourRomances:
TheScarletLetter(1850)
TheHouseoftheSevenGables(1851)
TheBlithedaleRomance(1852)
TheMarbleFaun(1860)
ShortStories:
“YoungGoodmanBrown”
“TheMinister’sBlackVeil”
“TheBirthmark”
“Rappaccini’sDaughter”
3.ThemesinHawthorne’sworks
SenseofEvil
(1)Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.
﹒OriginalSin&
TotalDepravity
﹒Evilexistsinthehumanheart,humanheartisthesourceofevil.Everyonepossessessomeevilsecret.Evilisman’sbirthmark.
﹒“YoungGoodmanBrown”
﹒HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply,thoughwasnotaPuritanhimself;
deprivedofEmerson’soptimism.
(2)Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.
☆Duetohissenseofguilt,afterhiscollege,Hawthorneaddeda“w”tohisoriginalfamilyname“Hathorne”,thus“Hawthorne”
☆TheHouseoftheSevenGables∞
InthePrefacetothenovel,Hawthornestatesthatitsmoralisthat"
thewrongdoingofonegenerationlivesintothesuccessiveonesand...becomesapureanduncontrollablemischief."
“God,”saidthedyingman,pointinghisfinger,withaghastlylook,attheundismayedcountenanceofhisenemy,“Godwillgivehimbloodtodrink!
”
(3)Evileducates.
Achievementispossibleonly“undertheimpactofandbyengagementwithevil—thetragicrisebornofthefortunatefall”.
“TheMinister’sBlackVeil”
(4)disgustinscience.Onesourceofevilisoverweeningintellect.
“Dr.Rappaccini’sDaughter”
4.Hawthorne’sAesthetics
a.Takegreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.
antiquityImagination
“dreamstrangethings,and
makethemlookliketruth”
☆“thepovertyofmaterials”
☆Historyandantiquityfurnishthesoilonwhichhisgrowstofruition.
b.RomanceisthebestformforAmericaliterature.
Romance:
Originallycourtlystoriesdealingwiththethreetraditionalsubjects:
thelegendsaboutArthur,Charlemagneandhisknights,andclassicalheroesespeciallyAlexander;
itinvolvesthesuspensionofthecircumstancesnormallyattendantonhumanactions(oftenthroughmagic)inordertoillustrateamoralpoint;
from18thcentury,itstartedtoembracesomesentimentalnovels.
thepovertyofmaterialsHisPuritanprudence
Romance:
“totellthetruthand
satireandyetnottooffend.”
5.Hawthorne’sWritingStyles
a.Theuseofsymbol.
b.Revelationofcharacters’psychology:
heisgoodatexploringthecomplexityofhumanpsychology.Thereisn’tmuchphysicalmovementgoingoninhisworks.
c.Theuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactual.
d.Hisstoriesareparable(allegory)——toteachalesson.
e.Useofambiguitytokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertainty——multiplepointsofview.
Hawthornflowers
6.TheScarletLetter
a.TheStory
AlsoanexampleofHawthorne’scombinationofhistoryandstorysetsitselfinthebackgroundofapuritanvillageinthe17thcentury’sBoston.TherearethreescenesofScaffoldinthewholenovelwhichseparateitintothreeparts.
DimmesdaleHesterPrynne
(thespiritualA)(thephysicalA)
RogerChillingworth
Pearl(therealvillain)
(aconcreteA)
b.Achievements
1.Romanticismvs.Puritanism
☆aromancewithoutmuchdescriptionoflove:
LoveTenCommandments∞
☆aduplicateofAdamandEve
AdulteryScarletletter
(Forbiddenfruit)(banishment)
Evileducates.
(Knowledge)
☆AmericanromanticismadapteditselftoAmericanPuritanismmoralism.
1.IamtheLordyourGod.
2.Youshallhavenoothergodsbeforeme;
youshallnotmakeforyourselfanidol.
3.YoushallnotmakewrongfuluseofthenameofyourGod.
4.RemembertheSabbathandkeepitholy.
5.Honoryourfatherandmother.
6.Youshallnotmurder.
7.Youshallnotcommitadultery.
8.Youshallnotsteal.
9.Youshallnotbearfalsewitnessagainstyourneighbor.
10.Youshallnotcovetyourneighbor’swifeoranythingthatbelongstoyourneighbors.
2.IllustrationofthethemeonSin
☆Hester:
ahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanwhensinnedagainst.Sinresultsinexpulsionandsuffering,butitalsoresultsinknowledge—specifically,inknowledgeofwhatitmeanstobehuman.ForHester,thescarletletterfunctionsas"
herpassportintoregionswhereotherwomendarednottread"
leadingherto"
speculate"
abouthersocietyandherselfmore"
boldly"
thananyoneelseinNewEngland.
☆Dimmesdale:
the“cheatingminister”,startedinpurityandendedincorruption.Hesufferedfromthedisintegrationbetweenspiritualandphysical.
“thebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.”
3.Symbolism
TheScarletLetterachievesanextraordinaryachievementsasregardstotheusageofsymbolism.Examples:
.“A”:
adulteryableangel(apostle)
.scaffold:
openacknowledgementofpersonalsin;
Italsorepresentstheneedforpublicatonement.
.forest:
whereevilwouldlivesidebysidewithgoodness.
vi.Pearl:
theconcretesymbolof“A”
C.Excerpts
Thosewhohadbeforeknownher,andhadexpectedtobeholdherdimmedandobscuredbyherbeautyshoneout,andmadeahaloofthemisfortuneandignominyinwhichshewasenveloped.
…shefelt,atmoments,asifshemustneedsshriekoutwiththefullpowerofherlungs,andcastherselffromthescaffolddownupontheground,orelsegomadatonce.
Withoutanyeffortofhiswill,orpowertorestrainhimself,heshriekedaloud;
anoutcrythatwentpealingthroughthenight,andwasbeatenbackfromonehousetoanother,andreverberatedfromthehillsinthebackground…
Pearlkissedhislips.Aspellwasbroken…Towardshermother,too,Pearl’serrandasamessengerofanguishwasallfulfilled.
“Hester,”saidtheclergyman,“farewell!
“Shallwenotmeetagain”whisperedshe…
“…itwasthenceforthvaintohopethatwecouldmeethereafter,inaneverlastingandpurereunion.Godknows;
andHeismerciful!
...
2.HermanMelville(1819-1891)
☆AnAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,essayistandpoet,whoseworkisoftenclassifiedaspartofthegenreofDarkRomanticism.
☆Andevotedartistnevergivesupartforanything,asaconsequenceofit,Hermansufferedfromoblivionuntilthe“MelvilleRevival”in1920s.
“unwillingtosacrificehisinsightsandartisticstandardstocatertopopularfeelinganddemand”.
☆“Thewaytoheavenisthroughhell.”
1.ThreethingsinfluencedHermanmost:
a.Sealife
OnJanuary3,1841,hesailedfromNewBedford,MassachusettsonthewhalerAcushnet.Hewaslatertocommentthathislifebeganthatday.
NewBedfordCapeHornMarquesasIslandHonoluluBoston
Typee:
abriefloveaffairwithabeautifulnativegirl,Fayaway
HereachedBostoninOctober1844.TheseexperiencesweredescribedinTypee,Omoo,White-Jacket,andevenMobyDickwhichwerepublishedasnovelsmainlybecausefewbelievedtheirveracity.
b.MarriagewithElizabethShaw
Melvillehadtowritetosupporthiswell-bornwifeaswellashisfamily.HemarriedElizabethShaw(daughterofchiefjusticeoftheMassachusetts)onAugust4,1847;
thecouplehoneymoonedinCanada.Theyhadfourchildren,twosonsandtwodaughters.In1850theypurchased“Arrowhead”,afarmhouseinPittsfield,Massachusetts.
c.FriendshipwithHawthorne
☆Alonelyartist,needingbadlysomebodytounderstandandsympat
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