实验报告Word格式.docx
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实验报告Word格式.docx
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transmissionparametersonly),themethodofthemeasurementandcalculationwillbeshortlyandexpresslyillustratedinthepartofTheoreticalBackgrounds,withintheknowledgeofmeasuringindividualparameters,weareaimingtoinvestigatetherelationshipsbetweentheseandthoseoftwo-portnetworksincascadeandparallel;
part2istofindoutthetwo-portnetworktransientresponsecontainingcapacitiveandinductivereactances.
✧TheoreticalBackgrounds
MeasurementofY-Parameters(Admittanceparameters)
Theequationsfortheparametersare:
I1=y11V1+y12V2
I2=y21V1+y22V2
i.e.[I]=[Y][V]
wherearetheY-parametersofthetwo-portnetwork.
Experimentally,theseparameterscanbedeterminedbyshortcircuitingoneportatatime.Thisiswhytheseparametersarealsotermedtheshort-circuitadmittanceparameters.
Thefollowingshowshowtocalculatetheparameters:
Whenoutputportisshorted(asshowninFigure2):
V2=0
Figure2
y11=I1/V1andy21=I2/V1
Wheninputportisshorted:
V1=0
Figure3
y12=I1/V2andy22=I2/V2
MeasurementofTransmission(ABCD-)Parameters
V1=AV2-BI2
I1=CV2-DI2
or
where[t]isthetransmissionparametersofthetwo-portnetwork.
Experimentally,thet-parameterscanbeobtainedbyshortcircuitingandopencircuitingtheoutputoneatatime.
Outputportisopen-circuited:
I2=0
Figure4
A=V1/V2andC=I1/V2
Outputportisshort-circuited:
V2=0
Figure5
B=-V1/I2andD=-I1/I2
CascadeInterconnectionof2Two-portNetworks
Considerthe2two-portnetworksAandB(asshowninFIigure1)connectedincascade,asshowninFigure6.TheoveralltransmissionparametersofthecombinednetworkNcanbeobtainedasthefollowing(foreachsinglenetwork,themeasurementofparameterscanbeobtainedasprevious):
Figure6
[t]N=[t]A[t]B
sothat,thefollowingcanbeobtained:
ParallelInterconnectionof2Two-PortNetworks
Considerthe2two-portnetworksAandB(asshowninFIigure1)connectedincascade,asshowninFigure7.Theoveralladmittance(Y-)parametersofthecombinednetworkNcanbeobtainedasthefollowing:
Figure7
Itisobviousthat
I1=I1A+I1B
I2=I2A+I2B
V1=V1A=V1B
V2=V2A=V2B;
and
==+
=+
=
ItcanbeseenthattheoverallY-parameterscanbeobtainedbysummingthecorrespondingY-parametersofindividualnetworksAandB,whentheA,Bnetworksarenotalteredbytheparallelconnection.
TransientResponsesofTwo-portNetwork
Accordingtothedampingratio,(Theratiooftheactualresistanceindampedharmonicmotiontothatnecessarytoproducecriticaldamping.Alsoknownasrelativedampingratio),wedividethetransientresponsesintothreetypes,whichareoverdampedresponse(>
1),underdampedresponse(<
1)andcriticallydampedresponse(=1).Itdetermineshowmuchthesystemoscillatesastheresponsedecaystowardsteadystate.
Andforastepthatsteadystatewilldependontheinputstepsize.
Thecharacteristicequationdescribesthepolesofthetransferfunctionofthenetwork.Itdeterminesthetypeoftransientresponse.
Overdamped:
If>
1,thepolesarerealanddistinct,thesolutionissimplyadecayingexponentialwithnooscillationandthetransientresponsewillbeoverdamped.Thisresponseisslowandhasnoovershootsandundershoots.
Underdamped:
Thepolesarecomplex,andthetransientresponsewillbeunderdampedif<
1,thenthesolutionisadecayingexponentialcombinedwithanoscillatoryportion.Overshootsandundershootswillbeproduced.
Criticallydamped:
when=1,thepolesarerealandequal,andthetransientresponsewillbecriticallydamped.Noovershootsorundershootswillbeproducedandtheresponsewillbefasterthanoverdampedresponse.Thisturnsouttobeadesirableoutcomeinmanycaseswhereengineeringdesignofadampedoscillatorisrequired
Inthisexperiment,wearemainlyusingthesecondtype,whichistheunderdampedresponse.
Andthecharacteristicequationisgivenby:
S2+2ωnS+ωn2
where
ωn=undampednaturalfrequency=1/√(LC)
ωn√(1-2)=dampednaturalfrequency
=dampingratio=
DetailedmethodofcalculationisshowninAppendixBattachedwiththelaboratorymanual.
✧Objectives
Ø
Tomeasuretheadmittance-parametersandtransmissionparametersoftwo-portnetwork
Toinvestigatetherelationshipsbetweenindividualnetworkparametersandtwo-portnetworksincascadeandparallelconnections
Tostudythetransientresponseofatwo-portnetworkcontainingcapacitiveandinductivereactances.
✧Equipment
DigitalStorageOscilloscope
FunctionGenerator(50Ω)
DigitalMultimeter
Inductorwith2inductancesteps
Capacitors:
22μF,100μF
Resistors:
33,100
(2),220,330,560,680,3.9k,4.7k
(2),5.6k,6.8kΩ
Bread-board
✧Procedures
MeasurementofAdmittance-ParametersandTransmissionParameters
ConnecttheresistivenetworkAasshowninFigure8.
Withthenetworkconnected,applya1kHz,10voltspeaktopeaksinusoidalvoltage:
a)Port1withport2open-circuited
b)Port1withport2short-circuited
c)Port2withport1short-circuited
Measurethevoltageandcurrentattheinputandoutputterminalsineachcase.
TabulatetheresultsinTable1.
Figure8TheResistiveNetworkA
ConnecttheresistivenetworkBasshowninFigure9.
Measuretheresultsforthetestinthesecondstep,andtabulatethecalculatedvaluesinTable1.
Figure9TheresistiveNetworkB
ConnectnetworksAandBincascadeasshowninFigure10.
Repeatthesecondstepforthecascadednetwork.
Figure10NetworksinCascade
ReconnectnetworksAandBinparallelasshowninFigure11.
Repeatthesecondstepfortheparallel-connectednetwork.
Figure11NetworksinParallel
Table1(Allvaluesinrms)
Results
I1(mA)
V1(V)
V2(V)
I2(mA)
NetworkA
(measured)
2.29
3.54
2.50
5.53
4.43
4.42
5.89
NetworkB
0.69
3.23
3.89
3.39
3.47
Cascaded
2.59
2.04
3.34
1.32
Parallel
13.75
12.23
12.14
14.05
Questions
ThevoltagesV1andV2shouldnotbeconnectedtochannel1and2ofthescopesimultaneously.Why?
Fromthecircuit,itcanbeobservedthatV1andV2havedifferentground.Iftheyareconnectedtochannel1andchannel2oftheoscilloscopesimultaneously,boththedifferentgroundwillbeshort-circuited,thereforecausethenetworkundertesttobeshort-circuitedattheground.Meanwhileithaschangedthecircuit’sconfiguration.Thus,therewillbeabigerrorbetweenthereadingsobtainedandtherealvalues.
Whatshouldyoudotothereadingsofpeaktopeakvoltageinordertomakethemcompatiblewiththecurrentsmeasuredbythedigitalmeter?
Thecurrentmeasuredbythedigitalmeterisinroot-mean-squarevalues(rms).Soitisobligatorytoconvertpeaktopeakvoltagevaluesintormsvalues.Thefollowingshowstherelationshipbetweenpeaktopeakvaluesanditsrespectivermsvalues:
peaktopeakvoltagevalues=2x2xrmsvalues
Therefore,thepeaktopeakvoltagevaluesshouldbedividedby2x2tomakethemcompatiblewiththecurrentsmeasuredbythedigitalmeter.
Verifythetheoreticalrelat
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