中学英语教学中的合作学习毕业论文Word文件下载.docx
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中学英语教学中的合作学习毕业论文Word文件下载.docx
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【专业】英语
【正文】
I.Introduction
CooperativelearningisfirstadvocatedandcarriedoutbyfamousAmerican
educatorDavidKoonts.Itbecameacreativeandeffectiveteachingtheoryandstrategyin1970sand1980s.ThestrategyofcooperativelearningwasdevelopedasameanstoreducecompetitioninAmericanschools,whichJamesColeman(1959)identifiedasanegativecomponentoftheeducationsystem.
Itisastructured,systematicinstructionalstrategyinwhichsmallgroupsworktogethertowardacommongoal.Cooperation,isworkingtogethertoaccomplishsharedgoals.1Withincooperativeactivitiesindividualsseek
outcomesthatarebeneficialtothemselvesandbeneficialtoallothergroupmembers.Cooperativelearningistheinstructionaluseofsmallgroupssothatstudentsworktogethertomaximizetheirownandeachother’slearning.Theideaissimple.Classmembersareorganizedintosmallgroupsafterreceivinginstructionfromtheteacher.Theythenworkthroughtheassignmentuntilallgroupmemberssuccessfullyunderstandandcompleteit.Cooperativeeffortsresultinparticipantsstrivingbenefitsothatall
groupmembersgainfromeachother’sefforts(yoursuccessbenefitsmeand
mysuccessbenefitsyou),recognizingthatallgroupmembersshareacommonfate(weallsinkorswimtogetherhere),knowingthatone’scolleagues(we
cannotdoitwithoutyou),andfeelingproudandjointlycelebratingwhenagroupmemberisrecognizedforachievement(weallcongratulateyouon
youraccomplishment!
).2
WiththedevelopmentofthesocietyandeconomyinChina,thesecondroundeducationreformhassetanevenhigherdemandaswell,whichmakesteachingmorechallenging.Teachershavetofocustheirattentionnotonlyonteachingmaterials,butalsoonefficiencyofteaching.Moreandmoreteachersaretryingtouseeffectiveteachingapproachesintheirclassroom
soastofindbetterideasformeetingthesechallenges.Therefore,cooperativelearningapproachiswidelyadoptedinChinesemiddleschools.
InthetraditionalapproachtoEnglishteaching,mostclasstimeisspentwiththeteacher’sinstructingandthestudents’watching,listeningandwriting.Studentsworkindividuallyonassignmentsandcooperationis
discouraged.Suchteacher-centeredinstructionmethodshaverepeatedly
beenfoundinferiortoinstructionthatinvolvecooperativelearning,in
whichstudentsworkingroupsonproblemsunderconditionsthataresurebothpositiveinterdependenceandindividualaccountability.
Differentfromthetraditionalteacher-centeredinstructioninwhich
teachersaddressthewholeclassatthesametimeandtheinteractionbetween
theinstructorandthestudentsarerare,“Cooperativelearningisa
teachingstrategyinvolvingstudents’participationinsmallgrouplearningactivitiesthatpromotepositiveinteraction.”3Studentsareencouragedtosolveproblems,answerquestionsoftheirown,discuss,explain,debateorbrainstormintheirteamsduringclass.Teammembers
learntocooperateandworktogethertowardacommongoal.
II.LiteratureReview
A.TheConnotationofCooperativeLearning
Accordingtothestudyofcooperativelearningexpertsallovertheworld,itinvolvesfollowingpoints:
4
(1)Cooperativelearning,isateachingactivitywhichtakesthegroupactivitiesasthemainbody.
(2)Cooperativelearning,isamutualassistanceactivityofcompanion.
(3)Cooperativelearning,isagoal-orientedactivity.
(4)Cooperativelearning,istakingtheoverallperformanceofeachgroup’sachievesastherewardbasis.
(5)Cooperativelearning’slearningassignmentandteachingprocedure,assignedandcontrolledbyteachers.5
Tosumup,cooperativelearningisalearningstrategyaswellasameansofclassroomorgnization,inwhichstudentslearninsmallgroupstoachievethecommongoalsandgetsharedreward.Inordertomaximizetheirachivement,groupmembersoftenhelpeachotherandcontributetheirmosttothegroup.
B.TheKeyElementsofCooperativeLearning
Allthecooperativelearningapproachessharethefollowingbasicelements:
positiveinterdependence,face-to-faceinteraction,individualandand
groupaccountability,interpersonalandsmallgroupskillsandgroupprocessing.(Johnson&
Johnson,1993)6
Thefirstelementispositiveinterdependence.Itisakindoffeelingthatallgroupmembersarelinkedtogether.Onecannotsucceedwithoutthe
successofothers.Thus,inordertoachievethegroupgoal,groupmembershavetohelpeachotherandcontributesone’sowneffortstothegroup.Positiveinterdependencehelpsstudentsseethattheirworkcanbenefitothersandother’sworkcanbenefitthem.Thisistheessentialelementofcooperativelearning.
Thesecondelementofcooperativelearningisface-to-faceinteraction.It
meansthatthefundamentalformofcooperativelearningisgroupwork,inwhichstudentscommunicateandinteractwitheachother.Theycollect
materialsandsolveproblemstoaccomplishtaskstogether.Bysharingresources,providinghelping,supportingandencouraging,theyachievetheirgoals.Theinteractiveactivitiesincludeexplaininghowtosolveproblems,teachingacademicknowledge,checkingunderstanding,discussingandchangingconceptsandideasbeinglearned.
Thethirdelementofcooperativelearningisindividualaccountability.Itmeansthatinordertoachievethegroupgoal,eachmembershouldbeclear
whathisresponsibilityis.Individualaccountabilityexistswhentheperformanceofeachindividualisassessedandtheresultsaregivenbacktothegroup.Itensuresthatgroupmemberscannotbefreeriders.Eachshouldcontributehisshare.Onlyinthiswaycaneachmembermaximizehislearningandbenefitfromcooperativelearning.
Thefourthelementofcooperativelearningisinterpersonalandsmallgroupskills.Cooperativelearningisakindofself-learningconductedinthe
formofgroupwork.Studentsneedtointeractwitheachother,sointerpersonalandsmallgroupskillsareneed.Howeverjustputtingstudentstogetherandtellingthemtocooperatecannotguaranteewhattheycandoastheteachersexpects.Sothesocialskillsmustbetaughttothestudents
justaspurposefullyandpreciselyasacademicskills.Leadership,decision-making,trust-building,communication,andconflict-management
skillsempowerstudentstomanagebothteamworkandtaskworksuccessfully.Sincecooperationandconflictareinherentlyrelated,theproceduresandskillsformanagingconflictsconstructivelyareespeciallyimportantforthelong-termsuccessoflearninggroups.
Thefifthelementofcooperativelearningisgroupprocessing.Itexistswhengroupmembersdiscusshowwelltheyareachievingtheirgoalsandmaintainingeffectiveworkingrelationships.Groupsneedtodescribewhatmemberactionsarehelpfulandunhelpfulandmakedecisionsaboutwhatbehaviorstocontinueorchange.Continuousimprovementoftheprocesses
oflearningresultsfromthecarefulanalysisofhowmembersareworkingtogetheranddetermininghowgroupeffectivenesscanbeenhanced.
C.TheBasicTheoriesofCooperativeLearning
Thereareatleastthreegeneraltheoreticalperspectivesthathaveguided
researchoncooperativelearning:
socialinterdependence,cognitivedevelopment,andbehaviorallearningtheory.Byfarthemostimportanttheorydealingwithcooperationissocialinterdependencetheory.7
SocialinterdependencetheorycamefromtheGestaltpsychologyinearly20thcentury.K.Kafkaasoneofthefoundersofthistheorythoughtthatthegroupwasapowerunityinwhichgroupmembers’interdependencecouldchange,andtheinterdependenceofmembershaditsdifferences.K.Lewin,
oneofhiscolleagueselucidatedtheaboveviewpoints,andheconsideredthattheessenceofonegroupwastheinterdependenceformedbythegroupmemberswhentheyhavethesamegoals.8Thisessenceresultedgroupsasawhole,andifanymemberorsub-groupofthegrouphadchanged,itwould
affecttheothermembersofthegroupsorothersub-groupstochange;
the
intensiveconditionsingroupmemberscantriggertheincentivetocompletethecommongoal.
Lewin’sstudentM.Deutschputforwardthecooperationandcompetition
theoryfromtheperspectiveofobjectivestructureintheendofthe1940s,definedthreekindsofobjectivestructure:
(1)Thecooperation’sobjectivestructure:
personalgoalorientationeffortscanhelpothersachievetheirgoals.
(2)Competition’sobjectivestructure:
personalgoalorientationcanhamperotherstoreachagoal.
(3)Personalobjectivestructure:
personalgoalorientationeffortshavenothingtodowithothers’achievementtotheirgoals.
Deutsch’sstudentsJohnsonBrothersintegratedanddevelopedthistheoryandformedthesocialinterdependencetheory.Thistheoryisthatpositiveinterdependence(cooperation)producesthepromotedinteraction,andgroupmemberswillencourageandfacilitateeachothers’learning
efforts;
negativeinterdependence(competition)producestheopposed
interaction,andgroupmemberswillnotencourageother’slearningeffortanddiscouragethem;
intheabsenceofinterdependencecircumstances,thereisnotanyinteractionbetweenindividualsandeachoneworksindependentlyandwithoutinterference.
Fromtheperspectiveofsocialinterdependencetheory,thecoreofcooperativelearningtheorycanbeexpressedbyverysimplewords:
whenallthepeoplegathertogetherforacommongoaltowork,theydependonthestrengthofunity.Dependingoneachotherprovidedthepowerforindividualstheycan:
(1)mutuallyencourage,andbewillingtodoanythingforthesu
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