主语从句Word格式.docx
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主语从句Word格式.docx
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(2) itis+形容词+从句
Itisnaturalthat…很自然…
Itisstrangethat… 奇怪的是…
(3)itis+不及物动词+从句
It seems that…似乎…
Ithappened that…碰巧…
(4)it+过去分词+从句
Itisreported that… 据报道…
Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实…
3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It issaid,(reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。
例如:
It is saidthatPresident Jingowill visitourschoolnextweek.(right)
ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnext week issaid.(wrong)
(3)Ithappens…, Itoccurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
Itoccurred tohimthathefailedinthe examination. (right)
Thathe failedintheexaminationoccurredtohim. (wrong)
(4)Itdoesn’tmatter how/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。
Itdoesn’tmatter whether heiswrong ornot. (right)
Whetherheiswrongornot doesn’tmatter.(wrong)
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。
Isitlikely thatitwill rainin the evening?
(right)
Isthat willrain inthe eveninglikely?
(wrong)
4.What与that在引导主语从句时的区别
What引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that则不然。
1) Whatyou saidyesterdayis right.
2) Thatsheisstill aliveis aconsolation.
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
名词性从句的语序
主要有两种构成方式:
a.That+陈述句
That lighttravelsinstraightlinesis known toall.
b.疑问句+句子的剩余成分
Thisis what we arelookingfor.
疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序。
连接词的选用:
(1)that和what的选用
that和what都可引导所有的名词性从句。
但what除起连接作用外,还在名词性从句中充当成分,可以做从句的主语、宾语或表语。
而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分,只起连接作用。
e.g.What he wantsisabook.
Thathewants togothereisobvious.
Theresultis thatwe won the game.
Thisiswhatwewanttoknow.
(2)if和whether的选用
以下情况不能使用if
1.主语从句,2. 表语从句,3.同位语从句,
4.介词后的宾语从句, 5whether todo 做动词宾语不能用iftodo6.whetherornot连在一起引导宾语从句时不用if.
e.g. 1. Iasked her if/whethershehadabike.
2.Whetherwewillhold aparty intheopenairtommorrowdepends onthe weather.
3.We’re worriedabout whetherhe issafe.
4.Idon’tknow whether/ifheis wellornot.
5.Idon’tknowwhetherornothe iswell.
6.Thequestionis whetherheshoulddo it.
7. Idon’t know whether to go.
其他连接代词和副词的连用
主要根据名词性从句中的具体意义,正确的选择who、which、when、where、why、how等连接词,这些连接词既具有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。
e.g.我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
When weshall holdoursportsmeetingisnotdecided.
我不知道昨天谁打破了玻璃。
I don’tknowwhobroke the glassyesterday.
我不知道他长的什么样子。
Ihave noidea whathelookslike.
这就是我忘记眼镜的地方。
Thisiswhere I leftmy glasses.
引导词that的省略
单个宾语从句中的that可省略。
that不可省略的情况:
主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,用it作形式宾语的宾语从句,并列的宾语从句中的后几个从句的引导词that不能省略。
三.表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。
可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look, remain,seem等。
引导表语从句的that常可省略。
另外,常用的还有thereasonis that… 和Itis because等结构。
1)The questioniswhether wecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashort time.
2)Thisis whywe can’tgetthesupport ofthepeople
3)But thefactremains that we arebehind the otherclasses.
4) The reason heis lateforschoolisthathemissed theearlybus.
四.同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如:
1) The king’sdecisionthat theprisoner would beset freesurprisedallthepeople.
2)The order thatallthesoldiersshouldstay stillisgivenbythegeneral.
2.同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。
Hegotthe newsfromMarythatthesportsmeeting wasputoff.
5.同位语从句,即与先行词同位或等同的从句,其先行词多为belief, doubt,fact,hope,idea, news,promise,question, remark,reply,report,thought,truth等;
其引导词多为that(在口语中可省去),也可用whether what、when、where等,如:
ﻫTherecanbe nodoubtthatwe'llfinish intime.ﻫMostpeople arefamiliarwith theideathatall matter consists of atoms.ﻫWeshould discusscarefullytheimportant questionwhetherornotwecancompletethetaskwithin a week.
I haveon ideawhenhewillcome backhome.
Ihave onideawherehecomesfrom.ﻫ
注意that 在同位语从句中不作任何句子成分,只起引导从句的作用,
二.宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略),例如:
I heardthathejoinedthearmy.
(2)由what,whether (if)引导的宾语从句,例如:
1)She didnot know whathadhappened.
2)Iwonderwhetheryoucan changethisnote forme.
(3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。
Shetold me that shewouldacceptmyinvitation.
2.作介词的宾语
Oursuccessdependsuponhow wellwe cancooperate withoneanother.
3.作形容词的宾语
Iamafraid(that)I’ve madea mistake.
That引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:
Anxious, aware, certain,confident, convinced,determined,glad, proud, surprised,worried, sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed, pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。
也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。
4.It可以作为形式宾语
It不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。
例如:
Weheard itthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth..
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有Allow,refuse,let,like,cause, force, admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love, help, take, forgive等。
这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(right)
I admire thattheywonthematch. (wrong)
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有Envy, order,accuse, refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。
Heimpressedthemanager asanhonestman.(right)
Heimpressedthemanagerthat he wasanhonestman. (wrong)
7.否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为Think,consider,suppose, believe,expect, fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。
Idon’tthinkthis dressfitsyouwell.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
)
引导定语从句的关系词有ﻫ1. 关系代词 who,whom(代人);
which(代物);
that, whose,as (代人或物)。
它们的数和人称要和先行词一致,格取决于它们在句中充当的成分,如:
ﻫAmachineisakindofdevice which(that) helpsto do work.ﻫThose whowant tickets shouldgo totheoffice.ﻫThetechnician whomwemet yesterday hadworkedout a newautomaticdevice.ﻫﻫ先行词前有限定词 all,any,every,(a)few, no,only,some, very 或序数词或形容词最高级等修饰时,或先行词是指物的不定代词all,little,few,much,none 或 -thing构成的复合不定代词时,一般只用关系代词 that,如:
ﻫAnyboythat wants tosucceedmustwork hard. ﻫThereis notmuchthatcanbedone.ﻫI've made upmy mind,and nothing (that) yousay willchangeit.
ﻫ先行词是指示代词such 或same时,只用as,先行词被指示形容词such或same 修饰时,通常用as,如:
This bookis notsuchasI expected.ﻫShesaidthesameasshe said before.
I'
ve neverseen such dogsasyoudescribe. ﻫI'
ll wear thesamedressas Ididlasttime.ﻫ
2.关系副词有:
when,where,why,它们都在从句中作状语,其先行词总是表示时间、地点或理由的名词,如:
ﻫThe dayswhen theyhadtoimportgrain from abroadhave now passed.ﻫAir moves fromplaceswhere thepressureis higher toplaceswherethepressureislower.
Herefusedtotellthereasonwhyhe did it.
ﻫ限制性和非限制性定语从句 (Restrictiveand Non-restrictiveClause)ﻫ限制性定语从句是主句中的先行词不可缺少的一部分,如果省去,主句的意义就不完整或不明确,因此,它与主句关系十分密切,不用逗号与主句分开;
非限制性定语从句只是对主句中的先行词作附加说明,如果省去,主句仍能表达明确、完整的概念,因此,它与主句间有一逗号分开,如:
ﻫDon'tyouknow thepeople who livenext door?
Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,has been solved.
ﻫThat不用于引导非限制性定语从句;
先行词是主句或主句的一部分时,用which 或as 引导非限制性定语从句,如从句放在主句之前则用 as而不用which,如:
Hechangedhismind, which mademeveryangry.
Hewasa foreigner, as/ which Iknewfromhisaccent.ﻫAswasexpected,heperformedthetaskwith success.ﻫﻫ关于“Noun/Pronoun +Preposition+Which/Whom / Whose” 结构
The resistanceofaconductor depends onthe kindofsubstance ofwhichit ismade.ﻫIsn'
tshethegirlwith whomyouvisited theexhibitionthe otherday?
ﻫﻫ关系代词whom和 which 常常作介词 of的宾语,用“名词/代词/数词+of+whom/which”结构,如:
Heisreadingabook,the nameofwhich Idon'tknow.ﻫHer parents, bothofwhomare teachers,areverystrict withher.
Inourclass therearefortystudents, four ofwhomare fromAfrica.
ﻫWhose指物时常可用ofwhich 代替,这时 whose所修饰的名词放在of which之前,如:
ﻫWehad ameeting whosepurposewascompletelyunclear.ﻫ= Wehad a meetingthepurposeofwhich wascompletely unclear.ﻫAppositionandAppositiveClause(同位语和同位语从句)
倒装结构也是英语考试中的常考语法现象,该结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。
所谓全部倒装是指整个谓语部分放在主语前面;
谓语+主语
而部分倒装是指谓语的一部分(情态动词或助动词)放在主语之前。
助动词+主语+谓语动词
v考点一:
表示地点、方向和时间的副词或者介词放在句首时,句子要全部倒装。
这些词有:
here, there,up,down,out, away,now, then,
Therewasasudden gustofwindand away went his hat.
Ineachroom aretenstudents. 每个房间里有十个学生。
v考点二:
当含有否定意义的词或短语放在句首时,要用部分倒装。
这类词包括:
not,never,neither,seldom, little, nowhere, hardly,scarcely,rarely,no longer, notuntil,atno time,byno means, onnoaccount,innocase,underno circumstances, onnoaccount,notonly … butalso…。
Nowherein the world can youfinda manwho lovesyousomuch.
Notuntil he came backdidIleave. (注意:
只能是主句的主谓倒装)
Onnoaccount willthe manager toleraterudenessfromhisemployees.
v考点三:
as/so +adj. /adv. 以及“tosuchadegree, tosuchan extent, tosuch apoint.”放在句首, 表示程度,句子要倒装。
To such an extentdidhishealthdeterioratethathe was forced to retire.
So diligently doesheworkthatheoften forgetstoeatandsleep.
v考点四:
虚拟语气中,省去if 后,从句需要倒装。
Had henot beenpromoted,he never haveremainedwiththecompany.
(=Ifhe hadnotbeenpromoted,…)
Should you changeyourmind,no one wouldblameyou.
Werehetoleavetoday, hewouldgettherebyMonday.
v考点五:
“only+状语”放在句首时,句子需要倒装。
Only byworkinghard can youachieve yourgoal.
Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvethisproblemsuccessfullyand effectively.
v考点六:
由as或though引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句,即把表语或部分谓语提前。
Patient though /ashewas,hewasunwillingto waitthreehours.他虽有耐心,但也不愿意
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