考研英语二部分阅读理解Word文档格式.docx
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考研英语二部分阅读理解Word文档格式.docx
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badmoney"
.Goodmoneydiffersfrombadmoneybecauseithashighercommodityvalue.
Greshamlivedinthe16thcenturyinEnglandwhereitwascommonforgoldandsilvercoinstobedebased.Governmentsdidthisbymixingcheapermetalswithgoldandsilver.Thegovernmentscouldthusmakeaprofitincoinagebyissuingcoinsthathadlesspreciousmetalthanthefacevalueindicated.Becausedifferentmixingsofcoinshaddifferentamountsofgoldandsilver,eventhoughtheyborethesamefacevalue,somecoinswereworthmorethanothersascommodities.Peoplewhodealtwithgoldandsilvercouldeasilyseethedifferencebetweenthe"
good"
andthe"
bad"
money.Greshamobservedthatcoinswithahighercontentofgoldandsilverwerekeptratherthanbeingusedinexchange,orweremelteddownfortheirpreciousmetal.Inthemid-1960swhentheU.S.issuednewcoinstoreplacesilvercoins,Gresham’slawwentrightinaction.
51.WhywasitpossibleforAmericanstouseaone-dollarbillforadollar’sworthofsilver?
A.BecausetherewasalotofsilverintheUnitedStates.B.Becausemoneywasthemediumofpayment.
C.Becausecoinsweremadeofsilver.D.Becausesilverwasconsideredworthless.
52.Today’scoinsintheUnitedStatesaremadeof____
A.somepreciousmetalsB.silverandsomepreciousmetals
C.variousexpensivemetalsD.someinexpensivemetals
53.Whatisthedifferencebetween"
and"
?
A.Theyarecirculatedindifferentmarkets.B.Theyareissuedindifferentfacevalues.
C.Theyaremadeofdifferentamountsofgoldandsilver.D.Theyhavedifferentuses.
54.Whatwasthepurposeofthegovernmentsissuingnewcoinsbymixingcheapermetalswithgoldandsilverinthe16thcentury?
A.Theywantedtoreservesomegoldandsilverforthemselves.C.Newcoinswereeasiertobemade.
B.Therewasneitherenoughgoldnorenoughsilver.D.Theycouldmakemoney.
二:
2004Text2
Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,theterm"
ice-box"
hadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofordinarycitizensintheUnitedStates:
Theicetradegrewwiththegrowthofcities.Icewasusedinhotels,taverns,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshmeat,freshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861-1865),asicewasusedtorefrigeratefreightcars,italsocameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andBaltimore,andone-thirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,aprecursorofthemodemrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.
Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofheat,whichwasessentialtoascienceofrefrigeration,wasrudimentary.Thecommonsensenotionthatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommeltingwasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoficethatperformedthecooling.Nevertheless,earlyeffortstoeconomizeiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsachievethedelicatebalanceofinsulationandcirculationneededforanefficienticebox.
Butasearlyas1803,aningeniousMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherighttrack.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillageofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldpassuptherapidlymeltingstuffinthetubsofhiscompetitorstopayapremiumpriceforhisbutter,stillfreshandhardinneat,one-poundbricks.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.
55.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
A.Theinfluenceoficeonthediet.B.Thetransportationofgoodstomarket.
C.Thedevelopmentofrefrigeration.D.Sourcesoftheterm"
.
56.Accordingtothepassage,whendidtheword"
icebox"
becomepartoftheAmericanlanguage?
A.In1803.B.Around1850.C.DuringtheCivilWar.D.Before1880.
57.Theword"
rudimentary"
inparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto__________
A.basicB.sufficientC.necessaryD.undeveloped
58.Thesentence"
ThomasMoorehadbeenontherighttrack"
(para.3)indicatesthat__________
A.Moore’sfarmwasnotfarawayfromWashingtonB.Moore’sfarmwasontherightroad
C.Moore’sdesignwascompletelysuccessfulD.Moorewassuitableforthejob
三:
2005年Text1
Workingatnonstandardtimes--evenings,nights,orweekends--istakingitstollonAmericanfamilies.One-fifthofallemployedAmericansworkvariableorrotatingshifts,andone-thirdworkweekends,accordingtoHarrietB.Presser,sociologyprofessorattheUniversityofMaryland.Theresultisstressonfamilialrelationships,whichislikelytocontinueincomingdecades.
Theconsequencesofworkingirregularhoursvaryaccordingtogender,economiclevel,andwhetherornotchildrenareinvolved.Singlemothersaremorelikelytoworknightsandweekendsthanmarriedmothers.Womeninclerical,sales,orotherlow-payingjobsparticipatedisproportionatelyinworkinglateandgraveyardshifts.
Married-couplehouseholdswithchildrenareincreasinglybecomingdual-earnerhouseholds,generatingmoresplit-shiftcouples.School-agedchildren,however,maybenefitfromparents’nonstandardworkschedulesbecauseofthegreaterlikelihoodthataparentwillbehomebeforeorafterschool.Ontheotherhand,acorrelationexistsbetweennonstandardworkschedulesandbothmaritalinstabilityandadeclineinthequalityofmarriages.
Nonstandardworkinghoursmeanfamiliesspendlesstimetogetherfordinerbutmoretimetogetherforbreakfast.One-on-oneinteractionbetweenparentsandchildrenvaries,however,basedonparent,shift,andageofchildren.Thereisalsoagreaterrelianceonchildcarebyrelativesandbyprofessionalproviders.
Workingnonstandardhoursislessachoiceofemployeesandmoreamandateofemployer.Presserbelievesthattheneedforswingshiftsandweekendworkwillcontinuetoriseinthecomingdecades.ShereportsthatinsomeEuropeancountriestherearesubstantialsalarypremiumsforemployeesworkingirregularhours-sometimesasmuchas50%higher.Theconvenienceofhavingservicesavailable24hoursadaycontinuestodrivethistrend.
Unfortunately,saysPresser,theissueisvirtuallyabsentfrompublicdiscourse.Sheemphasizestheneedforfocusedstudiesoncostsandbenefitsofworkingoddhours,thephysicalandemotionalhealthofpeopleworkingnightsandweekends,andthereasonsbehindthenecessityforworkingthesehours.“NonstandardworkschedulesnotonlyarehighlyprevalentamongAmericanfamiliesbutalsogeneratealevelofcomplexityinfamilyfunctioningthatneedsgreaterattention,”shesays.
36.WhichofthefollowingdemonstratesthatworkingatnonstandardtimesistakingitstollonAmericanfamilies?
A.Stressonfamilialrelationships.B.Rotatingshifts.
C.Evenings,nights,orweekends.D.Itsconsequences.
37.Whichofthefollowingisaffectedmostbyworkingirregularhours?
A.Children.B.Marriage.C.Singlemothers.D.Workingwomen.
38.Whowouldbeinfavorofthepracticeofworkingnonstandardhours?
A.Children.B.Parents.C.EmployeesD.Professionalchildproviders.
39.Itisimpliedthattheconsequencesofnonstandardworkschedulesare.
A.emphasizedB.absentC.neglectedD.prevalent
40.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsworkingirregularhours?
A.Positive.B.Negative.C.Indifferent.D.Objective.
四:
2005年Text2
Mosthumanbeingsactual1ydecidebeforetheythink.Whenanyhumanbeing--executive,specializedexpert,orpersoninthestreet--encountersacomplexissueandformsanopinion,oftenwithinamatterofseconds,howthoroughlyhasheorsheexploredtheimplicationsofthevariouscoursesofaction?
Answer:
notverythoroughly.Veryfewpeople,nomatterhowinte1ligentorexperienced,cantakeinventoryofthemanybranchingpossibilities,possibleoutcomes,sideeffects,andundesiredconsequencesofapolicyoracourseofactioninamatterofseconds.Yet,thosewhopridethemse1vesonbeingdecisiveoftentrytodojustthat.Andoncetheirbrainslockontoanopinion,mostoftheirthinkingthereafterconsistsoffindingsupportforit.
Averyserioussideeffectofargumentativedecisionmakingcanbealackofsupportforthechosencourseofactiononthepatofthe“losing”faction.Whenonefactionwinsthemeetingandtheothersseethemselvesaslosing,thebattleoftendoesn’tendwhenthemeetingends.Anger,resentment,andjealousymayleadthemtosabotagethedecisionlater,ortoreopenthedebateatlatermeetings.
Thereisabetter.AsphilosopherA
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