大学英语TPO12 listening 听力文本Word文档格式.docx
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大学英语TPO12 listening 听力文本Word文档格式.docx
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SoProfessorTibets,yournotessaidthatyouwanttoseemeaboutmyheavy-weightpaper.Ihavetosaythatgradewasn’twhatIwasexpecting.IthoughtI’ddoneaprettygoodjob.
Professor
Oh,youdid.Butdoyoureallywanttosettleforprettygoodwhenyoucandosomethingverygood?
Youthinkitcanbeverygood?
Absolutely!
Wouldthatmeanyou’d…Icouldgetabettergrade?
Oh,sorry!
It’snotforyourgrade.It'
s…Ithinkyoucouldlearnalotbyrevisingit.
Youmean,rewritethewholething?
Ireallyswamped.There’redeadlineswhereverIturnand…andIdon’treallyknowhowmuchtimeIcouldgiveit.
Well,itisabusytime,withspringbreakcomingupnextweek.It’syourcall.ButIthinkwithallalittleextraeffort,youcouldreallyturnthisintoafineessay.
No…yeah…Imean,afterIreadyourcomments,I...Icanseehowittriestodotoomuch.
Yeah.It’sjusttooambitiousforthescopeoftheassignment.
SoIshouldcutoutthehistoricalpart?
Yes.Iwouldjuststicktothetopic.AnythingunrelatedtotheuseofnatureEMITRYhasnoplaceinthepaper.Allthattangentialmaterialjustdistractedfromthemainargument.
Yeah,Ineverknowhowmuchtoinclude.Youknow…wheretodrawtheline?
Tellmeaboutit!
Allwritersstruggledwithoutone.Butit’ssomethingyoucanlearn.Thatwillbecomemoreclearwithpractice.ButIthinkifyoujustcutoutthe…emm…
Thestuffabouthistory,butifIcutoutthosesections,won’titbetooshort?
Well,betterashortwell-structuredpaperthanalongpaperthatpoorly-structuredandwandersofftopic.
SoallIhavetodoistoleavethosesections?
Well,notsofast.Afteryoucutoutthosesections,you’llhavetogobackandrevisetherest,toseehowitallfitstogether.Andofcourse,you’llhavetorevisetheintroductiontoo,toaccuratelydescribewhatyoudointhebodyofthepaper.Butthatshouldn’tbetoodifficult.Justremembertokeepthediscussionfocused.Doyouthinkyoucangetittomebynoontomorrow?
Wow…emm…Ihavesomuch…er…butI’lltry.
OK,good!
Dotry!
Butifyoucan’t,well,sureforafterspringbreak,OK?
TPO12
–
Lecture
1
ListentopartofalectureinaBiologyClass.
AswelearnmoreabouttheDNAinhumancellsandhowitcontrolsthegrowthanddevelopmentofcells,thenmaybewecanexplainaveryimportantobservation,thatwhenwetrytogrowmosthumancellsinlibratory,theyseemprogrammedtodivideonlyacertainnumberoftimesbeforetheydie.Nowthisdifferswiththetypeofcell.Somecells,likenervecells,onlydivideseventoninetimesintheirtotallife.Others,likeskincells,willdividemany,manymoretimes.Butfinallythecellsstoprenewingthemselvesandtheydie.Andinthecellsofthehumanbodyitself,inthecellsofeveryorgan,ofalmosteverytypeoftissuesinthebody,thesamethingwillhappeneventually.
OK,youknowthatallofpersons’geneticinformationiscontainedonverylongpiecesofDNAcalledChromosomes.46ofthemareinthehumancellsthat’s23pairsoftheseChromosomesareofverylengthsandsizes.Nowifyoulookatthisroughdrawingofoneofthem,oneChromosomeisabouttodivideintotwo.Youseethatitsortoflookslike,wellactuallyit’smuchmorecomplexthanthisbutitremindsusacoupleofspringslinkedtogethertocoiluppiecesofDNA.Andifyoustretchthemoutyouwillfindtheycontaincertaingenes,certainsequencesofDNAthathelptodeterminehowthecellsofthebodywilldevelop.WhenresearcherslookreallycarefullyattheDNAinChromosomesthough,theywereamazed,weallwere,tofindthatonlyafractionofit,maybe20-30%,convertsintomeaningfulgeneticinformation.It’sincredible;
atleastitwastome.ButifyoutookawayalltheDNAthatcodesforgenes,youstillhavemaybe70%oftheDNAleftover.That’stheso-calledJUNKDNA.Thoughthewordjunkisusedsortoftowniescheek.
TheassumptionisthateventheseDNAdoesn’tmakeupanyofthegenesitmustservesomeotherpurpose.Anyway,ifweexaminetheseendsofthesecoilsofDNA,wewillfindasequenceofDNAateachendofeveryhumanChromosome,calledatelomere.NowatelomereisahighlyrepetitiousandgeneticallymeaninglesssequenceofDNA,whatwewerecallingJUNKDNA.
Butitdoeshaveanyimportantpurpose;
itissortofliketheplastictiponeachendofshoelace.Itmeansnothelpyoutieyourshoebutthatlittleplastictipkeepstherestoftheshoelace,theshoestringfromunravelingintoweakanduselessthreads.Well,thetelomereattheendofChromosomesseemstodoaboutthesamething---protectthegenesthegeneticallyfunctionalpartsoftheChromosomefrombeingdamaged.EverytimetheChromosomedivides,everytimeonecelldividesintotwo.PiecesoftheendsoftheChromosome,thetelomere,getbrokenoff.Soaftereachdivision,thetelomeregetsshorterandoneofthethingsthatmayhappenafterawhileisthatpiecesofthegenesthemselvesgetbrokenofftheChromosomes.SotheChromosomeisnowlosingimportantgeneticallyinformationandisnolongerfunctional.Butaslongasthetelomeresareatcertainlengththeykeepthisfromhappening.Soitseemsthat,whenthe,bylookingatthelengthofthetelomeresonspecificChromosomeswecanactuallypredictprettymuchhowlongcertaincellscansuccessfullygoondividing.Othersomecellsjustseemtokeepondividingregardlesswhichmeannotbealwaysagoodthingifitgetsoutofcontrol.
Butwhenweanalyzethecellschemicallywefindsomethingveryinteresting,achemicalinthem,andanenzymecalledtelomerase.AsbitsofthetelomerebreakofffromtheendofChromosome,thischemical,thistelomerasecanrebuildit,canhelpresembletheprotectedDNA,thetelomerethattheChromosomeislost.Somedaywemaybeabletotakeanycellandkeepitalivefunctioningandreproducingitselfessentiallyforeverthroughtheuseoftelomerase.Andinthefuturewemayhavevirtuallyimmortalnervecellsandimmortalskincellsofwhateverbecauseofthesechemical,telomerasecankeepthetelomereontheendsofChromosomesfromgettinganyshorter.
2
ListentopartofalectureinaBusinessClass
Ok,aswe’vetalkedaboutakeyaspectofrunningasuccessfulbusinessis
knowing,um,gettingagoodsenseofwhatthecustomeractuallywants,andhowtheyperceiveyourproduct.Sowiththatinmind,Iwanttodescribeaverysimplemethodofresearchingcustomerpreference,anditisbecomingincreasinglycommon,it'
scalled----MBWA----whichstandsformanagingbywanderingaround.Now,MBWA,that'
snotthemosttechnicalsoundingnameyou'
veeverheard,butitdescribestheprocessprettyaccurately.Hereishowitworks.
Basically,Um,theideaisthatbusinessownersorbusinessmanagersjustgooutandactuallytalktotheircustomers,andlearnmoreabouthowwellthebusinessisservingtheirneeds,andtrytoseewhatthecustomerexperiences,becausethat'
sagreatwaytodiscoverforyourself,howyourproductisperceived,whatthestrengthsandweaknessesare,youknow,howtoyoucanimproveditthatsortofthing,youknowDortans,theymakesoupandcanvegetablesandsuch.Well,theheadofthecompany,hadDortans’toppedexecutiveswalkaroundsupermarkets,um,askingshopperswhattheythoughtofDortans’soup,andheusethedatatomakechangestothecompany'
sproduct,Imean,whenDortansofallthecompanies,embracessomethingasradicalasMBWA,itreallyshowyouhowpopularthetheoryhasbecome,yes,Lisa?
StudentA
Butthisisdangeroustobasedecisionsoninformationfromasmallsampleofpeople?
Isitlargescalemarketresearchsafergettingdataonalotofpeople?
That'
sagoodquestion,andwellIdon'
twanttopretendthatW…MBWAissomesortof,um,replacementforothermethodsofcustomerresearch.Now,themarketresearchdatadefinitelycangiveyouagoodideaof,um,ofthebigpicture,butMBWAisreallyusefulkindoffillingintheblanks,youknow,gettingagoodundergroundsenseofhowyouproductsyouuse,andhowpeopleneedrespondtothem,andYes,thenumbersofopinionyougetissmallsoyoudoneedtobecareful,but,goodbusinessmanagerswilltellyouthatthebigfeartheyhavean...andoneofthemostfrequentproblemstheycomeacrossiswellbecomingoutoftouchwithwhattheircustomersreallywantandneed,youknowsurveysandmarketresearchstufflikethat,theycanonlytellyousomuchaboutwhatthecustomersactuallywantintheirday-to-daylives.Managingbywanderingaroundontheotherhand,thatgetyouin
theregiveyouagoodsenseaboutwhatcustomersneedsso.Sowhenusecombinationthen,MBWAandmarketresearchwerethepowerfultools.Oh,hereisanotherexampleforyou,um,seeyouexecutiveforaclothingmanufacture.Itwas,um,Lken,Lkenjeansyouknow,theywentinworkinthestoreforafewdays,sellingLken'
scloths.Nowthatgivethemaverydifferentideaabouttheirproduct,theysawhowpeoplerespondedtoit;
theycouldgouptocustomersinthestoreaskedquestionsaboutit,yesMike?
StudentB
Well,Iwouldthinkthatalotofcustomerswillbebotheredby,youknow,ifI'
mshopping,Idon'
tknowifIwantsomebusinessrepresentativescominguptomeandaskingmequestions,it'
s..It'
slikewhenIgotphonecallathomefrommarketingresearchers,Ijusthan
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