Martin Luther King.docx
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Martin Luther King.docx
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MartinLutherKing
MartinLutherKing,Jr.(January15,1929–April4,1968)wasanAmericanclergyman,activistandprominentleaderintheAfricanAmericancivilrightsmovement.HismainlegacywastosecureprogressoncivilrightsintheUnitedStates,andhehasbecomeahumanrightsicon:
KingisrecognizedasamartyrbytwoChristianchurches.[1]ABaptistminister,Kingbecameacivilrightsactivistearlyinhiscareer.[2]Heledthe1955MontgomeryBusBoycottandhelpedfoundtheSouthernChristianLeadershipConferencein1957,servingasitsfirstpresident.King'seffortsledtothe1963MarchonWashington,whereKingdeliveredhis"IHaveaDream"speech.There,heraisedpublicconsciousnessofthecivilrightsmovementandestablishedhimselfasoneofthegreatestoratorsinU.S.history.
In1964,KingbecametheyoungestpersontoreceivetheNobelPeacePrizeforhisworktoendracialsegregationandracialdiscriminationthroughcivildisobedienceandothernon-violentmeans.Bythetimeofhisdeathin1968,hehadrefocusedhiseffortsonendingpovertyandopposingtheVietnamWar,bothfromareligiousperspective.KingwasassassinatedonApril4,1968,inMemphis,Tennessee.HewasposthumouslyawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedomin1977andCongressionalGoldMedalin2004;MartinLutherKing,Jr.DaywasestablishedasaU.S.nationalholidayin1986
Contents
1Earlylife
2Education
3Influences
3.1PopulisttraditionandBlackpopulism
3.2Thurman
3.3GandhiandRustin
4Sermonsandspeeches
5MontgomeryBusBoycott,1955
6SouthernChristianLeadershipConference
6.1Albanymovement
6.2Birminghamcampaign
6.3AugustineandSelma
7MarchonWashington,1963
8Stanceoncompensation
9"BloodySunday",1965
10Chicago,1966
11OppositiontotheVietnamWar
12PoorPeople'sCampaign,1968
13Assassination
13.1Allegationsofconspiracy
13.2Developments
13.3Riots
14FBIandwiretapping
14.1AllegationsofCommunistconnections
14.2Allegationsofadultery
15Legacy
15.1MartinLutherKing,Jr.Day
16Awardsandrecognition
17Capitalmemorial
18Bibliography
19Seealso
20Notes
21References
22Furtherreading
23Externallinks
Earlylife
MartinLutherKing,Jr.,wasbornonJanuary15,1929,inAtlanta,Georgia.HewasthesonoftheReverendMartinLutherKing,Sr.andAlbertaWilliamsKing.[3]King'sfatherwasborn"MichaelKing,"andMartinLutherKing,Jr.,wasoriginallynamed"MichaelKing,Jr.,"untilthefamilytraveledtoEuropein1934andvisitedGermany.HisfathersoonchangedbothoftheirnamestoMartinLutherinhonoroftheGermanProtestantleaderMartinLuther.[4]Hehadanoldersister,WillieChristineKing,andayoungerbrother,AlfredDanielWilliamsKing.[5]Kingsangwithhischurchchoiratthe1939AtlantapremiereofthemovieGonewiththeWind.[6]KingwasoriginallyskepticalofmanyChristianity'sclaims.[7]Moststriking,perhapswashisdenialofthebodilyresurrectionofJesusduringSundayschoolattheageofthirteen.Fromthispointhestated,"doubtsbegantospringforthunrelentingly."[8]
KingmarriedCorettaScott,onJune18,1953,onthelawnofherparents'houseinherhometownofHeiberger,Alabama.[9]KingandScotthadfourchildren;YolandaKing,MartinLutherKingIII,DexterScottKing,andBerniceKing.[10]KingbecamepastoroftheDexterAvenueBaptistChurchinMontgomery,Alabamawhenhewastwenty-fiveyearsoldin1954.[11]
Education
GrowingupinAtlanta,KingattendedBookerT.WashingtonHighSchool.HeskippedninthandtwelfthgradeandenteredMorehouseCollegeatagefifteenwithoutformallygraduatingfromhighschool.[12]In1948,hegraduatedfromMorehousewithaBachelorofArtsdegreeinsociology,andenrolledinCrozerTheologicalSeminaryinChester,Pennsylvania,fromwhichhegraduatedwithaBachelorofDivinitydegreein1951.[13][14]KingthenbegandoctoralstudiesinsystematictheologyatBostonUniversityandreceivedhisDoctorofPhilosophyonJune5,1955,withadissertationon"AComparisonoftheConceptionsofGodintheThinkingofPaulTillichandHenryNelsonWieman."A1980sinquiryconcludedportionsofhisdissertationhadbeenplagiarizedandhehadactedimproperlybutthathisdissertationstill"makesanintelligentcontributiontoscholarship."[15][16]
Influences
PopulisttraditionandBlackpopulism
HarryC.Boyte,aself-proclaimedpopulist,fieldsecretaryoftheSouthernChristianLeadershipConferenceandwhitecivilrightsactivistdescribesanepisodeinhislifethatgivesinsightonsomeofKing'sinfluences:
MyfirstencounterwithdeepermeaningsofpopulismcamewhenIwasnineteen,workingasafieldsecretaryfortheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference(SCLC)inSt.Augustine,Floridain1964.OnedayIwascaughtbyfivemenandawomanwhoweremembersoftheKuKluxKlan.Theyaccusedmeofbeinga"communistandaYankee."Ireplied,"I'mnoYankee –myfamilyhasbeenintheSouthsincebeforetheRevolution.AndI'mnotacommunist.I'mapopulist.Ibelievethatblacksandpoorwhitesshouldjointodosomethingaboutthebigshotswhokeepusdivided."Forafewminuteswetalkedaboutwhatsuchamovementmightlooklike.Thentheyletmego.
Whenhelearnedoftheincident,MartinLutherKing,headofSCLC,toldmethatheidentifiedwiththepopulisttraditionandassignedmetoorganizepoorwhites.[17]
Thurman
Civilrightsleader,theologian,andeducatorHowardThurmanwasanearlyinfluenceonKing.AclassmateofKing'sfatheratMorehouseCollege,[18]ThurmanmentoredtheyoungKingandhisfriends.[19]Thurman'smissionaryworkhadtakenhimabroadwherehehadmetandconferredwithMahatmaGandhi.[20]WhenhewasastudentatBostonUniversity,KingoftenvisitedThurman,whowasthedeanofMarshChapel.[21]WalterFluker,whohasstudiedThurman'swritings,hasstated,"Idon'tbelieveyou'dgetaMartinLutherKing,Jr.withoutaHowardThurman".[22]
GandhiandRustin
InspiredbyGandhi'ssuccesswithnon-violentactivism,KingvisitedGandhi'sbirthplaceinIndiain1959,withassistancefromtheQuakergrouptheAmericanFriendsServiceCommittee.[23]ThetriptoIndiaaffectedKinginaprofoundway,deepeninghisunderstandingofnon-violentresistanceandhiscommitmenttoAmerica'sstruggleforcivilrights.InaradioaddressmadeduringhisfinaleveninginIndia,Kingreflected,"SincebeinginIndia,Iammoreconvincedthaneverbeforethatthemethodofnonviolentresistanceisthemostpotentweaponavailabletooppressedpeopleintheirstruggleforjusticeandhumandignity.Inarealsense,MahatmaGandhiembodiedinhislifecertainuniversalprinciplesthatareinherentinthemoralstructureoftheuniverse,andtheseprinciplesareasinescapableasthelawofgravitation."[24]AfricanAmericancivilrightsactivistBayardRustin,whohadstudiedGandhi'steachings,[25]counseledKingtodedicatehimselftotheprinciplesofnon-violence,[26]servedasKing'smainadvisorandmentorthroughouthisearlyactivism,[27]andwasthemainorganizerofthe1963MarchonWashington.[28]Rustin'sopenhomosexuality,supportofdemocraticsocialism,andhisformertiestotheCommunistPartyUSAcausedmanywhiteandAfrican-AmericanleaderstodemandKingdistancehimselffromRustin.[29]
Sermonsandspeeches
Mainarticle:
SermonsandspeechesofMartinLutherKing,Jr.
Throughouthiscareerofservice,Kingwroteandspokefrequently,drawingonhisexperienceasapreacher.His"LetterfromBirminghamJail",writtenin1963,isa"passionate"statementofhiscrusadeforjustice.[30]OnOctober14,1964,KingbecametheyoungestrecipientoftheNobelPeacePrize,whichwasawardedtohimforleadingnon-violentresistancetoendracialprejudiceintheUnitedStates.[31]
MontgomeryBusBoycott,1955
Mainarticles:
MontgomeryBusBoycott,JimCrowlaws#Publicarena,ClaudetteColvin,andRosaParks
InMarch1955,afifteen-year-oldschoolgirl,ClaudetteColvin,refusedtogiveupherbusseattoawhitemanincompliancewiththeJimCrowlaws.KingwasonthecommitteefromtheBirminghamAfrican-Americancommunitythatlookedintothecase;EdgarNixonandCliffordDurrdecidedtowaitforabettercasetopursue.[32]OnDecember1,1955,RosaParkswasarrestedforrefusingtogiveupherseat.[33]TheMontgomeryBusBoycott,urgedandplannedbyNixonandledbyKing,soonfollowed.[34]Theboycottlastedfor385days,[35]andthesituationbecamesotensethatKing'shousewasbombed.[36]Kingwasarrestedduringthiscampaign,whichendedwithaUnitedStatesDistrictCourtrulinginBrowderv.GaylethatendedracialsegregationonallMontgomerypublicbuses.[37]
SouthernChristianLeadershipConference
In1957,King,RalphAbernathy,andothercivilrightsactivistsfoundedtheSouthernChristianLeadershipConference(SCLC).Thegroupwascreatedtoharnessthemoralauthorityandorganizingpowerofblackchurchestoconductnon-violentprotestsintheserviceofcivilrightsreform.KingledtheSCLCuntilhisdeath.[38]
In1958,whilesigningcopiesofhisbookStrideTowardFreedominBlumstein'sdepartmentstoreon125thStreet,inHarlem,[39][40]hewasstabbedinthechestbyIzolaCurry,aderangedblackwomanwithaletteropener,andnarrowlyescapeddeath.[41]
Gandhi'snonviolenttechniqueswereusefultoKing'scampaigntocorrectthecivilrightslawsimplementedinAlabama.[42]Kingappliednon-violentphilosophytotheprotestsorganizedbytheSCLC.In1959,hewroteTheMeasureofAMan,fromwhichthepieceWhatisMan?
anattempttosketchtheoptimalpolitical,social,andeconomicstructureofsociety,isderived.[43]HisSCLCsecretaryandpersonalassistantinthisperiodwas
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