阅读 301文档格式.docx
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阅读 301文档格式.docx
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VenusandEartharecommonlyregardedastwinplanetsbutnotidenticaltwins.Theyareaboutthesamesize,arecomposedofroughlythesamemixofmaterials,andmayhavebeencomparablyendowedattheirbeginningwithcarbondioxideandwater.However,thetwinsevolveddifferently,largelybecauseofdifferencesintheirdistancefromtheSun.Withasignificantamountofinternalheat,Venusmaycontinuetobegeologicallyactivewithvolcanoes,rifting,andfolding.However,itlacksanysignofahydrologicsystem(watercirculationanddistribution):
therearenostreams,lakes,oceans,orglaciers.SpaceprobessuggestthatVenusmayhavestartedwithasmuchwaterasEarth,butitwasunabletokeepitswaterinliquidform.BecauseVenusreceivesmoreheatfromtheSun,waterreleasedfromtheinteriorevaporatedandrosetotheupperatmospherewheretheSun’sultravioletraysbrokethemoleculesapart.Muchofthefreedhydrogenescapedintospace,andVenuslostitswater.Withoutwater,VenusbecamelessandlesslikeEarthandkeptanatmospherefilledwithcarbondioxide.Thecarbondioxideactsasablanket,creatinganintensegreenhouseeffectanddrivingsurfacetemperatureshighenoughtomeltleadandtoprohibittheformationofcarbonateminerals.Volcanoescontinuallyventedmorecarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.OnEarth,liquidwaterremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereandcombinesitwithcalcium,fromrockweathering,toformcarbonatesedimentaryrocks.Withoutliquidwatertoremovecarbonfromtheatmosphere,thelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereofVenusremainshigh.
LikeVenus,Earthislargeenoughtobegeologicallyactiveandforitsgravitationalfieldtoholdanatmosphere.UnlikeVenus,itisjusttherightdistancefromtheSunsothattemperaturerangesallowwatertoexistasaliquid,asolid,andagas.Wateristhusextremelymobileandmovesrapidlyovertheplanetinacontinuoushydrologiccycle.HeatedbytheSun,thewatermovesingreatcyclesfromtheoceanstotheatmosphere,overthelandscapeinriversystems,andultimatelybacktotheoceans.Asaresult,Earth’ssurfacehasbeencontinuallychangedanderodedintodelicatesystemsofrivervalleys-aremarkablecontrasttothesurfacesofotherplanetarybodieswhereimpactcratersdominate.FewareasonEarthhavebeenuntouchedbyflowingwater.Asaresult,rivervalleysarethedominantfeatureofitslandscape.Similarly,windactionhasscouredfineparticlesawayfromlargeareas,depositingthemelsewhereasvastsandseasdominatedbydunesorinsheetsofloess(fine-grainedsoildeposits).ThesefluidmovementsarecausedbygravityflowsystemsenergizedbyheatfromtheSun.Othergeologicchangesoccurwhenthegasesintheatmosphereorwaterreactwithrocksatthesurfacetoformnewchemicalcomponentswithdifferentproperties.AnimportantexampleofthisprocesswastheremovalofmostofEarth’scarbondioxidefromitsatmospheretoformcarbonaterocks.However,ifEarthwerealittleclosertotheSun,itsoceanswouldevaporate.IfitwerefartherfromtheSun,theoceanswouldfreezesolid.Becauseliquidwaterwaspresent,self-replicatingmoleculesofcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygendevelopedlifeearlyinEarth’shistoryandhaverapidlymodifieditssurface,blanketinghugepartsofthecontinentswithgreenery.Lifethrivesonthisplanet,andithelpedcreatetheplanet’soxygen-andnitrogen-richatmosphereandmoderatetemperature.
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Afluidisasubstance,suchasaliquidorgas,inwhichthecomponentparticles(usuallymolecules)canmovepastoneanother.Fluidsfloweasilyandconformtotheshapeoftheircontainers.Thegeologicprocessesrelatedtothemovementoffluidsonaplanet’ssurfacecancompletelyresurfaceaplanetmanytimes.TheseprocessesderivetheirenergyfromtheSunandthegravitationalforcesoftheplanetitself.Asthesefluidsinteractwithsurfacematerials,theymoveparticlesaboutorreactchemicallywiththemtomodifyorproducematerials.Onasolidplanetwithahydrosphereandanatmosphere,onlyatinyfractionoftheplanetarymassflowsassurfacefluids.Yetthemovementsofthesefluidscandrasticallyalteraplanet.ConsiderVenusandEarth,bothterrestrialplanetswithatmosphere.(Paragraph1)
Q1:
Theword“modify”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
○obtain
○change
○replace
○absorb
Q2:
Theword“drastically”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
○gradually
○permanently
○extensively
○possibly
Q3:
Paragraph1supportsallofthefollowingstatementsaboutfluidsEXCEPT
○Theycanchemicallyreactwithparticlesonaplanet’ssurface.
○Mostoftheirmassdoesnotflowbutremainsinplace.
○Theirmovementscanreshapethesurfaceofcertainkindsofplanets.
○TheirmovementsisdrivenbytheSunandbygravity.
therearenostreams,lakes,oceans,orglaciers.SpaceprobessuggestthatVenusmayhavestartedwithasmuchwaterasEarth,butitwasunabletokeepitswaterinliquidform.BecauseVenusreceivesmoreheatfromtheSun,waterreleasedfromtheinteriorevaporatedandrosetotheupperatmospherewheretheSun’sultravioletraysbrokethemoleculesapart.Muchofthefreedhydrogenescapedintospace,andVenuslostitswater.Withoutwater,VenusbecamelessandlesslikeEarthandkeptanatmospherefilledwithcarbondioxide.Thecarbondioxideactsasablanket,creatinganintensegreenhouseeffectanddrivingsurfacetemperatureshighenoughtomeltleadandtoprohibittheformationofcarbonateminerals.Volcanoescontinuallyventedmorecarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.OnEarth,liquidwaterremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereandcombinesitwithcalcium,fromrockweathering,toformcarbonatesedimentaryrocks.Withoutliquidwatertoremovecarbonfromtheatmosphere,thelevelofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereofVenusremainshigh.(Paragraph2)
Q4:
Theword“prohibit”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto
○prevent
○speedup
○affect
○encourage
Q5:
Accordingtoparagraph2,whatisonedifferencebetweenEarthandVenus?
○EarthhaslesswaterinitsatmospherethanVenusdoes.
○Earthhasahydrologicsystem,butVenusdoesnot.
○EarthislessgeologicallyactivethanVenusis.
○EarthhasmorecarbondioxidethanVenusdoes.
Q6:
Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph2thatEarthevolveddifferentlythanVenusdidinpartbecause
○therewasmorevolcanicactivityonearlyVenusthanonearlyEarth
○theyreceiveddifferentamountsofsolarenergy
○theirinteriorscontaineddifferentamountsofheat
○theirearlyatmospherecontaineddifferentlevelsofoxygenandnitrogen
Q7:
Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingplayedaroleinkeepingcarbondioxidelevelshighintheatmosphereofVenusEXCEPT
○thebreakingapartofwatermoleculesbyultravioletrays
○theevaporationofwaterreleasedfromtheplanet’sinterior
○theescapeofhydrogenintospace
○thereleaseofmoleculesfrommeltingmetalssuchaslead
LikeVenus,Earthislargeenoughtobegeologicallyactiveandforitsgravitationalfieldtoholdanatmosphere.UnlikeVenus,itisjusttherightdistancefromtheSunsothattemperaturerangesallowwatertoexistasaliquid,asolid,andagas.Wateristhusextremelymobileandmovesrapidlyovertheplanetinacontinuoushydrologiccycle.HeatedbytheSun,thewatermovesingreatcyclesfromtheoceanstotheatmosphere,overthelandscapeinriversystems,andultimatelybacktotheoceans.Asaresult,Earth’ssurfacehasbeencontinuallychangedanderodedintodelicatesystemsofrivervalleys-aremarkablecontrasttothesurfacesofotherplanetarybodieswhereimpactcratersdominate.FewareasonEarthhavebeenuntouchedbyflowingwater.Asaresult,rivervalleysarethedominantfeatureofitslandscape.Similarly,windactionhasscouredfineparticlesawayfromlargeareas,depositingthemelsewhereasvastsandseasdominatedbydunesorinsheetsofloess(fine-grainedsoildeposits).ThesefluidmovementsarecausedbygravityflowsystemsenergizedbyheatfromtheSun.Othergeologicchangesoccurwhenthegasesintheatmosphereorwaterreactwithrocksatthesurfacetoformnewchemicalcomponentswithdifferentproperties.Animportantexampleofthisprocesswasthere
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