英语一历年真题电子版docxWord格式.docx
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艰蚤崙6I0Z應普*W
艰蚤崙ZJOZ艰蚤崙9I0Z應普*言
寸1用艰«
底*折SIOZ
2010年考研英语(_)真题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
In1924America'
sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting1workers5productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"
Hawthorneeffect,"
theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects5behavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;
7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers5behavior10itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricanalysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15.lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18.acomparisonwithdatafbrweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentfbrthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackeningofiCThissuggeststhatthealleged"
Hawthorneeffect"
ishardtopindown.
1.[A]affected
[B]achieved
[C]extracted
[D]restored
2.[A]at
[B]up
[C]with
[D]off
3.[A]truth
[B]sight
[C]act
[D]proof
4.[A]controversial
[B]perplexing
[C]mischievous
[D]ambiguous
5.[A]requirements
[B]explanations
[C]accounts
[D]assessments
6.[A]conclude
[B]matter
[C]indicate
[D]work
7.[A]asfaras
[B]forfearthat
[C]incasethat
[D]solongas
8.[A]awareness
[B]expectation
[C]sentiment
[D]illusion
9.[A]suitable
[B]excessive
[C]enough
[D]abundant
10.[A]about
[B]for
[C]on
[D]by
11.[A]compared
[B]shown
[C]subjected
[D]conveyed
12.[A]Contraryto
[B]Consistentwith
[C]Parallelwith
[D]Peculiarto
13.[A]evidence
[B]guidance
[C]implication
[D]source
14.[A]disputable
[B]enlightening
[C]reliable
[D]misleading
15.[A]Incontrast
[B]Forexample
[C]Inconsequence
[D]Asusual
16.[A]duly
[B]accidentally
[C]unpredictably
[D]suddenly
17.[A]failed
[B]ceased
[C]started
[D]continued
18.[A]Therefore
[B]Furthermore
[C]However
[D]Meanwhile
19.[A]attempted
[B]tended
[C]chose
[D]intended
20.[A]breaking
[B]climbing
[C]surpassing
[D]hitting
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.
WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarH,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."
Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism/'
Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine6joumalism,as6atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare'
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland'
sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobeso
honored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardus'
scriticismwillenjoyarevival?
Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.
21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.
[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarUwerecharacterizedby
[A]freethemes.
[B]casualstyle.
[C]elaboratelayout.
[D]radicalviewpoints.
23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
[A]Itiswriters5dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.
[B]Itiscontemptiblefbrwriterstobejournalists.
[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodemspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays
[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism
[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits"
one-click"
onlinepaymentsystem,MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionfbranassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.
Nowthenation'
stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfbrtheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"
averybigdeal,"
saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It"
hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents/5
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisfbrgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodfbrhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourfsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"
reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit'
sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsfbrpatentholders.LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfbr"
inventions"
thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare"
'
reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,"
saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversit
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