英语专八人文知识专题训练1Word文件下载.docx
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英语专八人文知识专题训练1Word文件下载.docx
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1066Normanconquest.Asaresult,FrenchreplacedEnglishastheofficiallanguageanddominatedtheliterarycreation.TheresumptionoftheEnglishasthemainlyusedlanguagewasaftertheEnglishandFrenchCenturialWar300yearslater.
I.Anglo-Saxonperiod.
Epic:
“Beowulf”—Beowulf,ahero,killedGrendel,aseamonster(thoughttobetheoffspringofCain,firstmurdererintheGenesis.Itsartisticforms,suchaskenningandalliterationhadagreatinfluenceuponthepoetsthatfollowed.
Layamon’s“Brut”recordedthelegendsofKingArthuranditwasalsoanimportantsignoftheresumptionoftheEnglishlanguage.
II.Medievalperiod.
A.GeoffreyChaucer:
“TheCanterburyTales”,acollectionofshortstoriesdepictingrealisticallythepanoramaof14thcenturyEngland.Hisstyleofwritingwasfluentandhumorous,andhisthoughtsevensurpassedhiscontemporaries.Hissharpperceptionofhumannatureisthebasiccauseofhispermanentcharmandpopularity.
B.Somemajoreventsinthe15thcenturycontributingtotheRenaissance:
a.ReligiousreformledbyMartinLutherinGermanyandJohnCalvininFrancebrokethedarkcloudsofthemedievalEuropeanddestroyedthemanaclesofreligiononpeople’sthoughtsandspirits.
b.ThedemiseoftheEasterRomanEmpire,asaresultofthefalloftheConstantinople,forcedmanyGreekscholarfleetotheItalywiththeremnantantiques.TheseartistictreasuresoftheancientGreeceandRomanactedavitalroleintherenaissanceoftheculturerepresentedbythem.
c.TypographypromotedthestudyoftheclassicliteratureinItalyandGermany.ThethenEnglishbusinessmanWilliamCaxtonbroughtthistechniquetoEnglandashetradedinEurope,anditalsogreatlyspeededuptheEnglishrenaissance.
d.Henry8thwasatyrantbuthisdivorcewithwifeendedupinthesplitoftheAnglicanChurchwiththeRomanCatholicChurchandresultedinthereligiousreformoftheAnglicanism.HekilledThomasMoore,theauthorofUtopia.(iambicpentameter
a.ThomasWyatt:
introducedthesonnetsfromItalytoEngland.withnorhyme)
III.Elizabethanperiod.b.EarlofSurrey:
reformedthefeetofsonnetsandintroducedtheblankverse.
A.Poetryinitiatedby4menc.PhilipSidney:
thefirstworkonthetheoryofclassicliterarycriticism“TheApologieforPoetrie”(诗辩)andromance“Arcadia”.
atheism1stblankverseindramad.EdmundSpenser:
called“thepoet’spoet”,spenserianstanza,“TheShepherd’sCalendar”(牧人日记),“TheFaerieQueene”(仙后).
B.Drama.a.JohnLyly,“Euphues”,“Euphuism”(尤非依斯体),artificialandornate.
Universitywits.b.RobertGreenehadajealousyforShakespeare.“TamburlainetheGreat”“EdwardII”
c.ChristopherMarlowe:
mostgiftedoftheUniversitywits“DoctorFaustus”“TheJewofMalta”
d.Shakespeare:
masterofdrama.Keenperceptionoflife.
C.Prose.FrancisBacon:
Thefounderofmodernscience.“Essays”,“NewInstrument”(NovumOrganum),“Advancementoflearning”.
D.BenJonson:
prolificdramatist,“EveryManinHisHumor”,“Volpone”.PoetLaureateofJamesI.
IV.17thcentury(theGloriousRevolution,theRestoration)
A.Drama:
bolddepictionoftheextravagantlifeofthenobles.
B.Poetry:
JohnDryden,MetaphysicalpoetJohnDonne,JohnMilton
a.JohnDryden:
PoetLaureate,FounderofEnglishliterarycriticism.Followingthestandardsofclassicism,heestablishedtheheroiccoupletastheprincipalEnglishverseforms,clarifiedtheEnglishproseandmadeitprecise,concise,andflexible,andraisedtheEnglishliterarycriticismtoanewlevel.Poem,“AbsalomandAchitophel”,Prose,“AnEssayofDramaticPoesy”.
b.MetaphysicalPoetryandJohnDonne.Characterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.CalledbySamuelJohnson.“TheFlea”,“Meditations”,imaginative,philosophicalandmeditative.
c.JohnMilton:
spokesmanoftherevolution.“ParadiseLost”,“ParadiseRegained”,“SamsonAgonistes”.
C.JohnBunyan:
“ThePilgrim’sProgress”,areligiousallegorycriticizingthesocialtrendoftherestorationperiodandalsoadisclosureoftheevilnessofeverysociety,withapopularspeechennobledbythesolemndignityandsimplicityofthelanguageoftheEnglishBible.Thackeray’s“VanityFair”namedafteraplacementionedinthisbook.
V.18thcentury(ageofreasonandenlightenment)
A.Theorist:
JohnLocke:
a.“ConcerningHumanUnderstanding”,emphasizingtheimportanceofthesenseasameansofgainingknowledgeandthesignificanceofreasoninunderstandingtheworld.
b.Menarebornkind.Theyhavetherighttopursuehappinessandtheobligationtobringbenefitstothesociety.
Menarenaturallyequalandtheycanprotecttheirrightbysocialcontract.Nationisakindofsocialcontract.
twotrends:
classicism(major)andpre-romanticism(minor).
classicisma.AlexanderPope:
studentofDryden.weakinbody.Advocatedclassicismandimitationofthe
inheritedfromworkofancientGreeceandRome.Proposedthatpoetsshoulddepictgraciousandbeautiful
JohnDrydenthingsandhaveaneleganttaste.“EssayonCriticism”,gaveadetailedexpositionoftheprinciplesoftheclassicpoems.Culminationinclassicismandheroiccouplet.“EssayonMan”,“TheRapeoftheLock”,fullofreasonwithouttheexpressionofemotion.
b.WilliamCowper:
“TheTask”,forerunnerofthenaturalpoems.withromanticfeelings.
c.GeorgeCrabbe:
employingtheclassicformstodepictthemiserablerurallife.“TheVillage”.
pre-
romanticisma.EdwardYoung:
“TheComplaintsorNightThoughts,onlife,Death,andImmortality.”
pavedb.JamesThomson:
“TheSeasons”,apurelovefornature.
thewayc.ThomasGray:
“AnElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard”,sadintoneandrefinedinstyle.
forthed.McPherson:
“ThePoemsofOssian”
romantice.WilliamBlake:
“TheTiger”,“SongsofInnocence”and“SongsofExperiences”.mysticism,
periodrevolutionarypassion.astronglikenessbetweenShellyandBlakeintheimageryandsymbolism.
f.RobertBurns:
usingScottishdialecttoexpresshisfeelings.“Poems,ChieflyintheScottishDialect”,“ARed,RedRose”,“ForA’ThatandA’That”(穷得有志气),“JohnBarleyCorn”,“MyHeart’sintheHighlands”.(includingGoldsmithasthepoet“sentimentalist”)
C.Prose:
JosephAddisonandRichardSteele:
“TheTatler”,“TheSpectator”,makingagreatcontributiontothecultivationofgoodmannersoftheEnglishnation.
D.Fiction:
a.DanielDefoe:
ThefatheroftheEuropeanandEnglishfiction.vividlanguage.“RobinsonCrusoe”,“MollFlanders”,“Roxana”.
b.JonathanSwift:
mostruthlessinsatiricalandironicwriting.“TaleofaTub”,lashingthedeviationoftheBiblebytheRomanCatholicChurchandLutheranismandCalvinism.“AModestProposal”,disclosingthecrueltyoftheBritishgovernmenttowardIrishpeople.“Gulliver’sTravels”,masterpiece,givinganunparalleledsatiricaldepictionofthevicesofhisage.
c.HenryFielding:
systematicallyproposedthetheoryofrealisticnovelwritingandputitintopractice,presentingthetruefactsofthe18thcenturyEnglishsociety.asfictionwriter,“TomJones”,“JosephAndrews”,“Amelia”,“JonathanWild”,elevatingtheauthor,asthenarratortothelevelofGodandalsodisplayingoptimism.asplaywright,“HistoricalRegister”.
d.SamuelRichardson:
fatheroftheepistolarynovel,“Pamela”,basedon“Arcadia”,“Clarissa”,and“SirCharlesGrandison”.
e.TobiasGeorgeSmollett:
“picaresquenovels”,humorousandrefined.“RoderickRandom”,“PeregrinePickle”,“HumphryClinkper”.
f.LaurenceSterne:
“TheTristramShandy”,mainlyargumentsandfantasiesaboutphilosophyandmoral,originalinthattheauthorusedatechniquelike“steamofconsciousness”.
E.Drama
a.OliverGoldsmith:
thoughcalled“poorgoldy”bypeers,hehadaromanticspiritwhichalsoearnedhimaname“sentimentalist”.poems,“TheDesertedVillage”,“TheTraveller”.masterpiecenovel,“TheVicarofWakefield”,drama,“TheGood-NaturedMan”,“SheStoopstoConquer”.
b.RichardBrinsleySheridan:
“TheRivals”,“TheSchoolforScandal”,repudiatingthehighsocietyforitsvanityhasbeenregardedasthebestplaysinceShakespeare.
F.Essay
a.SamuelJohnson:
lexicographer,poetandgreatcritic.“ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage”.“London”,“TheVanitiesofHumanWishes”,“LifeofRichardSavage”,“Irene”,“Rasselas”.editedtwoperiodicals“TheRambler”and“TheIdler”.became“thegreatchamofliterature”,andfoundedthefamousLiteraryClub.
VI.Romanticperiod(Frenchrevolution,“LyricalBallads”抒情歌谣集asthesign,utilitarianism功利主义.)
A.Poetry:
a.WilliamWordsworth:
hasastrongworshipfornature,simplicityandpurityofthelanguage,“LyricalBallads”withColeridge,“IntimationsofImmortality”永生悟颂,“TinternAbbey”,“TheDaffodils”,“WeAreSeven”,“TheExcursion”,“ThePrelude”,(autobiographical).
Lakeb.SamuelTaylorColeridge:
hasmadereforms
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