审计学一种整合方法 阿伦斯 英文版 第12版 课后答案 Chapter 26 Solutions ManualWord文档格式.docx
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审计学一种整合方法 阿伦斯 英文版 第12版 课后答案 Chapter 26 Solutions ManualWord文档格式.docx
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sinternalcontrolsaredesignedandoperatingeffectivelyandwhetherthefinancialstatementsarefairlypresented.Thisresponsibilityisessentiallythesameastheresponsibilityofexternalauditorswhoperformfinancialaudits.Thetwotypesofauditorsarealsosimilarinthattheybothmustbecompetentandmustremainobjectiveinperformingtheirworkandreportingtheirresults.Despitethesesimilarities,theroleoftheinternalauditorinfinancialauditingdiffersfromthatofanexternalauditorinthefollowingways:
Becauseinternalauditorsspendalloftheirtimewithonecompany,theirknowledgeaboutthecompany'
soperationsandinternalcontrolsismuchgreaterthantheexternalauditor'
sknowledge.
Guidelinesforperforminginternalauditsarenotaswelldefinedastheguidelinesforexternalauditors.
Internalauditorsareresponsibletothemanagementofthecompaniesthattheyworkfor,whileexternalauditorsareresponsibletofinancialstatementusers.
Becauseinternalauditorsareresponsibletomanagement,theirdecisionsaboutmaterialityandrisksmaydifferfromthedecisionsofexternalauditors.
26-2ThetwocategoriesofstandardsintheIIAInternationalStandardsfortheProfessionalPracticeofAuditingare
(1)AttributeStandardsand
(2)PerformanceStandards.
TheAttributeStandardsare:
Purpose,authority,andresponsibility
Independenceandobjectivity
Proficiencyanddueprofessionalcare
Qualityassuranceandimprovementprogram
ThePerformanceStandardsare:
Managingtheinternalauditactivity
Natureofwork
Engagementplanning
Performingtheengagement
Communicatingresults
Monitoringprogress
Management’sacceptanceofrisks
26-3Externalauditorsareconsideredmoreindependentthaninternalauditorsfortheauditofhistoricalfinancialstatementsbecausetheirauditreportisintendedfortheuseofexternalusers.Fromaninternaluser'
sperspective,internalauditorsareemployeesofthecompanybeingaudited.
Internalauditorscanachieveindependencebyreportingtotheboardofdirectorsorpresident.Theresponsibilitiesofinternalauditorsaffecttheirindependence.Theinternalauditorshouldnotberesponsibleforperformingoperatingfunctionsinacompanyorforcorrectingdeficiencieswhenineffectiveorinefficientoperationsarefound.
26-4Governmentalfinancialauditsaresimilartoauditsofcommercialcompaniesinthatbothtypesofauditsrequiretheauditortobeindependent,toaccumulateandevaluateevidence,andtoapplygenerallyacceptedauditingstandards(GAAS).Thetwotypesofauditsaredifferentbecausegovernmentalfinancialauditsalsorequiretheauditortoapplygenerallyacceptedgovernmentalauditingstandards(GAGAS),whicharebroaderthanGAASandincludetestingforcompliancewithlawsandregulations.Governmentalfinancialauditingcanbedoneeitherbyauditorsemployedbyfederalandstategovernments(governmentalauditors)orbyCPAfirms.
26-5TheSingleAuditActwascreatedin1984toeliminateredundancyintheauditsofgovernmentalagencies.TheSingleAuditActprovidesforasinglecoordinatedaudittosatisfytheauditrequirementsofallfederalfundingagencies.TheSingleAuditActwasoriginallyonlyapplicabletoauditsofstateandlocalgovernments,buttherequirementsoftheActwereextendedin1990tohigher-educationinstitutionsandothernot-for-profitorganizationsthroughtheissuanceofOMBCircularA-133.
26-6TheauditingstandardsoftheYellowBookareconsistentwiththetengenerallyacceptedauditingstandardsoftheAICPA.
Someimportantadditionsandmodificationsareasfollows:
Materialityandsignificance.TheYellowBookrecognizesthatacceptableauditriskandtolerablemisstatementmaybeloweringovernmentalauditsthaninauditsofcommercialenterprises.
Qualitycontrol.Organizationsthatauditgovernmententitiesmusthaveanappropriatesystemofinternalqualitycontrolandmustparticipateinanexternalqualitycontrolreviewprogram.
Complianceauditing.TheYellowBookrequiresthattheauditbedesignedtoprovidereasonableassuranceofdetectingmaterialmisstatementsresultingfromnoncompliancewithprovisionsofcontractsorgrantagreementsthathaveamaterialanddirecteffectonthefinancialstatements.
26-6(continued)
Reporting.Theauditreportmuststatethattheauditwasmadeinaccordancewithgenerallyacceptedgovernmentauditingstandards.Inaddition,thereportonfinancialstatementsmustdescribethescopeoftheauditors'
testingofcompliancewithlawsandregulationsandinternalcontrolsandpresenttheresultsofthosetests,orrefertoaseparatereportcontainingthatinformation.
Auditfiles.TheYellowBookindicatesthatauditfilesshouldcontainsufficientinformationtoenableanexperiencedreviewerwithnopreviousconnectiontotheaudittoascertainfromtheauditfilesevidencethatsupportstheauditors'
significantconclusionsandjudgments.
26-7TheprimaryspecificobjectivesthatmustbeincorporatedintothedesignofaudittestsundertheSingleAuditActareasfollows:
Amountsreportedasexpenditureswereforallowableservices.
Recordsindicatethatthosewhoreceivedservicesorbenefitswereeligibletoreceivethem.
Matchingrequirements,levelsofeffort,andearmarkinglimitationsweremet.
Federalfinancialreportsandclaimsforadvancesandreimbursementscontaininformationthatissupportedbytherecordsfromwhichfinancialstatementswereprepared.
AmountsclaimedorusedformatchingweredeterminedinaccordancewithrelevantOMBcirculars.
26-8TherevisedOMBCircularA-133greatlysimplifiedreportingundertheSingleAuditAct.Thefollowingreportsarerequired:
1.AnopiniononwhetherthefinancialstatementsareinaccordancewithGAAP.
2.Anopinionastowhetherthescheduleoffederalawardsispresentedfairlyinallmaterialrespectsinrelationtothefinancialstatementsasawhole.
3.Areportoninternalcontrolrelatedtothefinancialstatementsandmajorprograms.
4.Areportoncompliancewithlaws,regulationsandtheprovisionsofcontractsorgrantagreements,noncompliancewithwhichcouldhaveamaterialeffectonthefinancialstatements.Thisreportcanbecombinedwiththereportoninternalcontrol.
5.Ascheduleoffindingsandquestionedcosts.
26-9Anoperationalauditisthereviewofanypartofanorganization'
soperatingproceduresandmethodsforthepurposeofevaluatingefficiencyandeffectiveness.
26-10Thethreemajordifferencesbetweenfinancialandoperationalauditingare:
Purposeoftheaudit.Financialauditingemphasizeswhetherhistoricalinformationwascorrectlyrecorded.Operationalauditingemphasizeseffectivenessandefficiency.Thefinancialauditisorientedtothepast,whereasanoperationalauditconcernsoperatingperformanceforthefuture.
Distributionofthereports.Forfinancialauditing,thereportistypicallydistributedtomanyusersoffinancialstatements,suchasstockholdersandbankers.Operationalauditreportsareintendedprimarilyformanagement.
Inclusionofnonfinancialareas.Operationalauditscoveranyaspectofefficiencyandeffectivenessinanorganizationandcanthereforeinvolveawidevarietyofactivities.Financialauditsarelimitedtomattersthatdirectlyaffectthefairnessoffinancialstatementpresentations.
26-11Effectivenessreferstotheaccomplishmentofobjectives,whereasefficiencyreferstotheresourcesusedtoachievethoseobjectives.Anexampleofanoperationalauditforeffectivenesswouldbetoassesswhetheragovernmentalagencyhasmetitsassignedobjectiveofachievingelevatorsafetyinacity.Anexampleofefficiencyiswhentwodifferentproductionprocessesmanufactureaproductofidenticalquality,theprocesswiththeleastcostisconsideredtobemostefficient.
26-12Thefollowingarethedistinctionsbetweenthethreekindsofoperationalauditsandanexampleofeachforanot-for-profithospital:
TYPESOFOPERATIONALAUDIT
EXAMPLEFORAHOSPITAL
FunctionalFunctionsareameansofcategorizingtheactivitiesofabusiness,suchasthebillingfunctionorproductionfunction.Afunctionaloperationalauditdealswithanyofthesefunctions.
Reviewofthepayrolldepartmenttodetermineiftheoperationsareeffectivelyandefficientlyperformed.
OrganizationalAnoperationalauditofanorganizationdealswithanentireorganizationalunit,suchasadepartment,branch,orsubsidiary.
Reviewoftheentirehospitalforinefficienciesfoundinanydepartmentinthehospital.
SpecialassignmentSpecialoperationalauditingassignmentsariseattherequestofmanagementforanythingofconcerntomanagement.
ReviewoftheITsystemforfailuretobillinsurancecompaniesforreimbursablecharges.
26-13Internalauditorsareinauniquepositiontoperformoperationalaudits.Theyspendalloftheirtimeworkingforthecompanytheyareauditing.Theythereforedevelopconsiderableknowledgeaboutthecompanyanditsbusiness,whichisessentialtoeffectiveoperationalauditing.
26-14Differentfederalandstategovernmentauditorsperformoperationalauditing,oftenasapartofdoingfinancialaudits.ThemostwidelyrecognizedgovernmentauditorsgroupistheUnitedStatesGovernmentAccountabilityOffice(GAO).Inaddition,eachstatehasanAuditorGeneral'
sofficethathassimilarresponsibilitiestotheGAO.Therearealsoauditorsformost
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