论文内芯2Word文件下载.docx
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论文内芯2Word文件下载.docx
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1.Introduction
Withtheadventoftheinformationage,economicglobalizationmakestheworldintegrationtrendsbecomingevident.Theinternationalcommunityenablesthedevelopmenttrendofglobalization,inter-ethnicincreasinglyfrequentcross-culturalcommunication,amongthestateandnationalboundaries,socialandcommunityisolationhavebeenmuchsmaller.“Globalvillage“culturehasbecomemoreconcentrated,andthesechangesinsocietybroughtabouttheexchangeswhicharemoreandmoreclosely.Differentcultures,differentgeography,differentraces,differentlanguageshavebeenstartedbyleapsandboundsintheexchanges,peoplearecollectivelyreferreditto“cross-culturalcommunication.”
“Cross-culturalcommunication”generallyreferstonativeandnon-nativecommunicationbetween,butalsoreferstoanylanguageandculturalbackgroundsindifferentaspectsofcommunicationbetweenpeople.Taylor,inhis“originalculture”,whichwaspublishedin1971,proposedaculturalmeaningofthebook,systematicallydescribeditas“Cultureisacomplexbody,whichincludesknowledge,belief,art,morals,customsandlearnedtherestofthecommunitycapacityandhabits.”Becauseamongallthenationsofdifferentsocialandhistoricaldevelopment,whichledthenationintheculturalorientation,values,socialnorms,thedegreeofdevelopmentofmaterialdifferences,thesedifferencesoftenleadtocross-culturalcommunicationintheprocessofmutualmisunderstanding,communicationbarriersarise,andevenaclashofculturesoccurred.Later,intheUnitedStates,somesociologists,culturalanthropologistsslightlyamendedthedefinitionofTaylor,addedthe“kind”totheculturalphenomena.Peopleexchangeandcontactbetweenthefullyembodiesandthecharacteristicsofculture,whetheritisaformalsocialoccasionoranordinarygatheringoffriends,andculturalinfiltrationofthedisposaloftheentireactivities.Sopeoplewillreferencebooksforinformationonspecificoccasionsintherequireddetailsoftheprotocol,withparticularemphasisontheirappropriatenessandabilitywitheachotherhaveacommontopic.“Cultureincludesalltheproductofhumansocietytoshare.”Itincludesnotonlycities,organizations,schools,andothermaterialthings,butalsoideas,habits,familypatterns,languageandothernon-materialthings.Inshort,culturereferstotheentirelifeofasociety,anationofallactivities.However,peopleusuallyunderstandthatthecharacteristicsofthecultureisaproductofthewhole,notindividuals,andveryoftenpeopletendtoignorethispoint,blindlyattachedtothecommonindividual,totheneglectofthecharacteristicsofindividualexistence.
Cross-culturalcommunicationasafactorintheimpactofonecharacterizationofthe“stereotype”,constitutesacross-culturalcommunicationintheimpactofvaluejudgmentsanddecisionsinterferewiththeunderstandingofcommunicationstrategiesandmodesofcommunicationanimportantlinkoffactors,itdirectlyleadstoandimpactofcross-culturalcommunicationtheresultoftheconduct.Therefore,howtocorrectlyunderstandandproperlyusethe“stereotype”ofcross-culturalcommunicationinthestudyisveryimportant.Theconceptof“stereotype”isparticularlyimportant.Dodd(1991)pointedoutthatthesuccessofcross-culturalcommunicationiscloselyrelatedwiththreefactors:
emotionalfactors,operationfactors,cognitivefactors.Stereotypeisastudyfromthedayaftertomorrow.Abehavior,onceformed,wouldbemorestableandhaveaprofoundimpactoncross-culturalunderstandingandcommunication.
2.Cross-cultureCommunication
Owingtocrosscultureisasignificantdefinitionforustounderstandtheconceptofstereotype,sowhatiscross-cultureisaproblemweshouldsolvefirst.
2.1TheDefinitionofCommunicationandCulture
2.1.1TheDefinitionofCommunication
Fromtheantiquitytothepresenttime,peoplehavefosteredcomparativelymatureviewsofcommunication.Inthisthesis,theauthoradoptsthedefinitionbyWood:
“communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols”.
2.1.2TheDefinitionofCulture
Cultureisacomplex,abstract,andpervasivematrixofsocialelementsthatfunctionsasanallencompassingformorpatternforlivingbylayingoutapredictablyworldinwhichanindividualisfirmlyoriented.Definitionsofculturerangefromall-encompassingones(“itiseverything“)tonarrowones(“itisopera,art,andballet”).
Whatismostnotableisthecloserelationshipbetweencultureandcommunication.AsisremindedbyHall,“cultureiscommunicationandcommunicationisculture“(Hall,P.14)InthebookCommunicationBetweenCultures,SamovarandPorterputforwardtheirdefinitionofculturethatcontainthethemeofhowcultureandcommunicationarelinkedtogether:
“Cultureisthedepositofknowledge,experiencebeliefs,values,attitudes.Meanings,hierarchies,religion,notionsoftone,roles,spatialrelations,conceptsoftheuniverse,andmaterialobjectsandpossessions.Acquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving”(SamovarandPorter,P.18).Thisdefinitioncansuitthepurposeofthisthesis.Alsoweshouldnotoverlookthewordgroupinthisdefinition:
onlyagroup,notallindividualcanhaveitsculture.
2.2.TheCharacteristicsofCross-CulturalCommunication
2.2.1CulturalIdentity
Cultureisformedinaparticularenvironment,andafteralongperiodhistoryofthecumulativeintheformationofgroupsforhuman.Socultureisasocialphenomenon,ratherthanindividualphenomenon.Peoplewhobelongtoacertainculturehaveastrongsenseofbelongingandidentitytotheirownculture.Culturalidentitytopeople'
sgroups,includingthatpeopleholdarecognizedattitudetocodeofconductintheirculture,andmaythinkaboutthehabitsofotherculturesas“deviant”andeven“absurdrude”.Thenincross-culturalcommunication,itiseasy“tointendedtodeliverpeopleownheart.”IfaChineseandanAmericancultureofChinaandtheUnitedStateshavetheirownidentity,cross-culturalcommunicationandalackofknowledge,thenthetwocommunicationconflictswillinevitablycomeoutfromtimetotime.
2.2.2UnconsciousNatureofCulture
Noonewasbornwithasenseofidentityofhisnationalculture.Humangenesisonlytoprovidethephysicalconditionswhichpeoplecanacquireculture,buttheacquisitiontocultureisthattheenvironmentturnssuchapossibilityintoareality.Sometimespeople'
sbehaviordeviatedfromthecodeofconductofthenationalculture,asaresulttheymeetmanydifficulties.Familyandschooleducationistomakepeopletounderstandthenation'
scommunicationrulesmoreorless.Whatismoreimportantisthesocialenvironmentforcingthepeopletoconsciouslyabidebythenormsofcommunication.Ontheotherhand,everyonewasborninacertainsocialandculturalcircumstance,sothatapersonunknowinglyhasacertainculture,thenaturalspeechanddeportmentmarkedimprintofthenationalculture.Toacertainageforpeople,themajorityofthecommunicationofthenationalcultureactsasanaturalhabit.Thishabitmustmakecross-culturalcommunicationmoredifficult.
2.2.3Ethnocentrism
Inaword,Peopleinacertainculturearegenerallyaccustomedtoandagreeonthebehavioralpatternsandthecustomsandhabitsoftheirownculture,thustheywillregardthosewhichisdifferentfromtheirownas“abnormal”oreven“rudeandoffensive”.Thatmeanstheywilljudgethebehaviorandcustomsofotherpeoplebytheirowncriteria.Inthiswaytheywilloftenmeetwithobstaclesincross-culturalcommunication.Iftheycanrealizethis,andtrytolearnsomecross-culturalcommunicationknowledge,theresultwillbebetter.Actually,manypeoplehavebeenwelladaptedtotheirowncultureandcanneverrealizetheirownshortcomings.Inmanycasestheyaresoproudoftheirowncultureastosufferfromwhat'
scalled“ethnocentrism”.
3.GeneralIntroductionaboutStereotype
3.1TheProductionandDefinitionofStereotype
3.1.1TheProductionofStereotype
Thewordof“stereotype”wasaprintedprofessionalwordonceatime,referstotheprintedlayoutofthepunchwhenthewordversion.In1922,theU.S.journalistLippmanninPublicOpinionbroughttheword“stereotype“totheintroductionofsocialandpoliticalcontext,usedtorefertopeopleofaparticularsocialgroupconceptsandfixedideasandawaytoosimplisticofthinking,inotherwords,“stereotype”referredtotheimagesofdifferentsocialgroupsinpeople'
sminds.Hepointedoutthatenvironment,whethernaturalorsocialenvironment,aretoocomplicated,sothattheworldwillnotallowhimtoallpeople,allthethingsonebyoneandfirst-handexperienceandunderstanding.Inordertosavetime,peopleuseasimplifyunderstandingwaytoshapethesameimagewhicharethesamecharacteristicsofagroupofpeopleoranynation.(Lippmann,P.59)Lippmannclaimedthatthestereotypeiswrong,non-rational.
3.1.2TheDefinitionofStereotype
3.1.2.1DefinitionsofStereotypeinDictionaries
Inrecentyears,asinterculturalcommunicationstudiesdevelopsofast,people’sopinionsconcerningstereotypehavechangedsubstantially.Dictionariesgenerallyreflectthesocialunderstandingofaconceptinacertainperiod,andoftenoncetheyarebroughtout,theyareineffectforalongtimeuntiltheirexplanationsofsometermsaresoold-datedthattheyhavetobereplacedbynewinterpretations.Anyway,itishelpfulforustoconsultdictionariesinthefirstplace,eveniftheexplanationsindictionariesareoldfashioned,butwecanstillgainsomepercept
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