English and Chinese belong to two different langua.docx
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English and Chinese belong to two different langua.docx
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EnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlangua
Forpersonaluseonlyinstudyandresearch;notforcommercialuse
EnglishandChinesebelongtotwodifferentlanguagefamilies:
English,theIndo-EuropeanfamilyandChinese,theSino-Tibetanfamily.Thetwolanguagesalsohavedifferentculturalbackgrounds.Translationisaninterlingualandinterculturaltransferandmulti-dimensionalcontrastivestudiesofthetwolanguageandculturesarethereforeessential.Therefore,beforetranslation,weshouldpayattentiontotheculturalelements.
AccordingtothedifferencebetweenEnglishandChinesetranslation,TherearetenpairsoffeatureswhichweshouldtakeintoconsiderationwhenwetranslateEnglishtoChinese.
1SyntheticandAnalytic(综合语和分析语)
Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.
Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunctionwords,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.
ModernEnglishhasbecomeaanalyticlanguage,butChineseisatypicalanalyticlanguage.
Inflection(变化词形),wordorder(安排词序)andtheuseoffunctionwords(运用虚词)areemployedasthethreegrammaticaldevicesinbuildingEnglishsentences.
1.1Inflectionalvs.Non---inflectional
InEnglish,nouns,pronounsandverbsareinflected.Suchgrammaticalmeaningaspartsofspeech,gender,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,moodandnon--finiteverb,canbta,expressedbytheuseofinflectedformswithorwithoutthehelpoffunctionwordsandwordorder,whereasinChinesethisisgenerallynottrue:
theabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwiththehelpofwordorderandfunctionwords,
e.gTheytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他们告诉我,到(那年)年底,他们在一起工作就有三十年了。
1.2WordsOrder:
Flexiblevs.Inflexible
WordorderinEnglishisnotsorigidasinChinese.Morewaysofinversiongrammaticalorrhetorical,areoftenseeninEnglish.
e.gInterrogativeinversion(疑问倒装)
(1)Whatintheworlddoyoumean?
你的意思究竟是什么啊?
(2)Exclamatoryinversion(惊叹倒装)
Whatabeautifulvoiceyouhave!
你有多么好的嗓音啊!
TheflexiblewordorderinEnglishismainlytheresultofthegrammaticalconcordofwordsinthesentencewhichisachievedbyinflection.Whenexpressingtemporalorlogicalsequences,Englishmaymakefulluseofinflectionsandfunctionwordstomakeitswordorderflexible,whileChinese,withthehelpoffunctionwords,arrangesitswordorderaccordingtocertainrulesoftemporalorlogicalsequences:
Categorytwocontainsonlyfouritems,and2Ishallsaynomoreaboutthemexceptthat,3sincetheyareunderconsideration,4weshouldnotletthegrassgrowunderfeet,butattempt,asearlyaspossible,toarriveatacommonunderstandingintheinterestofhumanity,按照汉语的思维习惯重新排序,组成三个句子,顺序为1-3-5-4-2(.为了人类的利益,我们应该不失时机,力图尽快达成共识。
除此之外,别的我就不多说了。
)
1.3TheUseofFunctionWords:
EnglishandChineseMakeUseofDifferentTypesofFunctionWords.
Englishfunctionwordsincludethearticle,prepositions,auxiliaryverbs,coordinatorsandsubordinators.WhileChinesefunctionwordsincludeparticles,connectivesandprepositions.Eachhasitsownfeaturesintheuseofthesewords.
e.gTheyarestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的部分学生。
Theyarethestudentsofourschool.他们是本校的全体学生。
Chineseisrichinparticles,suchasaspectparticles(动态助词:
着,了,过),structuralparticles(结构助词:
的,地,得)andemotionalparticles(语气助词,呢,吗,吧)
e.g这回我可亲眼看见啦!
(感叹语气)
ThistimeI’veactuallyseenitformyself.
Englishhasalargenumberofprepositionsandprepositionalphraseswhichareofteninuse,whileChinesehasafewprepositionswhicharemostly“borrowed”fromtheircorrespondingverbs.
e.g:
Peterdrewhisknifeontherobber.彼得拔刀向那个强盗坎去。
Who,whom,whose,that,what,which,when,where,whyandhow,thereareconjunctiveandrelativepronounsareusedascoordinatingandsubordinatinginEnglish,thisphenomenonisrareinChinese.
e.g.Practicallyallsubstanceexpandwhenheadedandcontractwhen
cooled.几乎所有的物质都是热胀冷缩的。
1.4Intonationvs.Tone
Theabovethreegrammaticaldevices,inflection,wordorder,andtheuseoffunctionwords,havemuchtodowiththeroleofphoneticfeaturesinthetwolanguage.
EnglishisanintonationlanguagewhileChineseisatonelanguage.
2Rigidvs.Supple(刚性与柔性)
Englishsentencestructureiscomposedofnonephrase(s)andverbphrase(s).Ithasbecomeaninvariablecustomtohaveasubjectbeforeaverb,andthereforeasentencedoesnotcontainasubjectandaverbisfelttobeincomplete.Thesubject(s)mustagreewiththepredicateverb(V)inpersonandnumber,etc.ThisrigidS—Vconcordformsthekernelofsentence.withthepredicateverbcontrollingothermainmembers.Englishsentences,howeverlong
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