英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summaryWord格式.docx

英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summaryWord格式.docx

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integration 

among 

the 

people, 

companies, 

governments 

different 

nations。

driven 

by 

international 

trade 

investment 

aided 

information 

technology. 

This 

has 

effects 

on 

environment, 

culture, 

political 

systems, 

economic 

development 

prosperity, 

human 

physical 

well-beinginsocieties 

around 

world.

4.Whatarethestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?

（1）assumptionofsimiliarities:

peopleexpectthatsimplybeinghumanandhavingcommonrequirementsoffood,shelter,securityandsoonmakeseveryonealike.

（2）Languagedifferences.:

“yes”and“no”causetrouble.

（3）Nonverbalmisinterpretatons:

misinterpretationofobservablesiansandsymbols—gesture,postures,bodymovenment.

（4）Preconceptionsandstereotypes:

Arabsare“inflammable”maycauseU.S.studentstokeeptheirdistance.

（5）Tendencetoevaluate:

toapproveordisapprove,tostatementsandactionsofotherpersonorgroup.

（6）Highanxiety/tension.

U2:

1.Whatisculture?

Cultureisaveryextensiveconcept,itisverydifficulttodefineitstrictlyandaccurately,becausecultureinvolvestoomuch.Cultureisacomplexsystemofbehavior,values,beliefs,traditionsandartifacts,whichistransmittedthroughgenerations.

Whatarethefivebasicneedsforhumanbeings?

（1）physiologicalneeds（thingsthatmakeusalive,foodwaterair）

（2）safetyneeds（physicalsafeandpsychologicalllysecure）

（3）belongingnessneeds（needstobeacceptedbyothersandtobelongtoagroup）

（4）esteemneeds（recognition,reputation,selfrespect）

（5）self-actualizationneeds（actualizeonselfandtoreachone’sfullpotential）

2.Whatarevalues,attitudes,beliefsandbehaviors?

Howaretheylinked?

（1）Valuesarewhatpeoplegotowaroverorconductbussinessby.Valuestellushowtoweightheworthofsomething,theycanindicatearelativehierarchy.

（2）Attitudesarefeelingsaboutthings.itisatendencytorespondthesamewaytothesameobjectorsituationoridea.Attitudesislearnedandcanchange.

（3）Beliefsareconvictionsorcertaintiesbasedonsubjectiveandoftenpersonalideasratherthanonprooforfact.

（4）Links:

valuesunderlieattitudesandalsoshapebeliefs.Attitudesarebasedonbeliefsaswellasvalues.valuesenableustoevaluatewhatmatterstousorapplystandarstoourattitudesandbeliefs.value→belief→attitude.Forexample,youhaveanattitudetowardeatingrawfish,whichispositiveandisbasedonthebeliefthatexpertprepararionofsushiandsashimibyJapanesechefsresultsinculinarydelicacies,oryouhaveanattitudethatisnegative,basedonthebeliefthatrawfishcancontainparasitesthatcauseunpleasantconsequencesinthehumandigestivesystem.Youcanevenhavebothattitudesatthesametime.ifyoudo,thenprobablyyouvaluebothfineeatingexperiencesandphysicalhealth.

3.Whataretheelementsofcommunication?

1context:

physicalsetting,psychological,historical,culture,thecommunicationnorms

2participants:

senderswhoformmessagesandcommunicatewithsymbols,receiverswhoprocessandreactthemassages.

3Massages:

meanings,symbols,encodingsanddecodings

4Channels:

avarietyofsensorychannels

5Noise;

internalexternalandsemanticnoise.

6Feedback:

theverbalandnonverbalresponses

4.Whatarenorms?

Normsaretheguildelinesthatweestablishforconductingtransactions.Normstelluswhatkindsofmessagesandbehaviorareproperinagivencontextorwithaparticularpersonorgroupofpeople.Peopleacquirecommunicationnormsfromtheirexperiencesinlife.

5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenencodinganddecoding?

Encodingistheprocessoftransformingideasandfeelingsintosymbolsandorganizingthem.Decodingistheprocessoftansforminfmeeagesbackeintoideasandfeelings.

TransformingandorganizingTransformingandintepreting

ideasandfeelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideasandfeelings

↓↓

Encodingdecoding

6.Whatisthedifferencebetweenexternalnoise,internalnoiseandsemanticnoise?

externalnoise:

Sightsandsoundsandotherstimuliintheenvironmentthatdrawpeople’sattentionawayfromintendedmeaning.

internalnoise:

Thoughtsandfeelingsthatinterferewiththecommunicationprocess.Feelingsofangeroranxiety,stereotypeorprejudiceinyourmind.

semanticnoise:

themeaningsweassigntowordsdependonourownexperience,otherpeoplemayattimesdecodeawordorphasesdifferentlyfromthewayweintend.

7.Whatiscommunication?

Communicationisaprocessinvolvingtheexchangeofmessagesandthecreationofmeaning.

U3:

1.Whatarethefivebasicquestionsattherootofanyculture’svaluesystem?

（1）whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?

-----humannature

（2）whatistherelationofmantonature?

------therelationshipofmantonature.

（3）Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?

----senseoftime/timeorientation.

（4）Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?

-------activityorientation.

（5）Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?

----socialrelationships

2.WhatarethekeyprinciplesofConfucianism?

（1）socialorderandstabilityarebasedonuneqalrelationshipsbetweenpeople

includingleadersandfollowers,fatherandson,husbandandwife,olderbrotherandyoungerbrother,andfriends.

（2）family:

followrulesforordering

（3）propersocialbehaviorconsistsofnottreatingothersasyouwouldnotliketobetreatedyouself.,learntobesensitivetoother’sfeels（子所不欲勿施于人）

（4）peopleshouldbeskilled,educatedhardworking,thrifty,modest,patientandpersevering.

3.Howdolivingsituationsaccountforvaluedifferencesbetweendifferentcultures?

Forexample,Japaneseliveinalittleofarableland,evenmainlyvalcanoes.thus,theybuilttheirhomestogetherverycloselyinordertomakeuseofeveryavailablelandandtheycanworktogetherinplantingandharvestingofriceeffectively.Inthissituation,japanenes’centralsocialvaluebecauseoflivingcloseproximitythatgaveverylittleprivacywasthatanidividualdoesnotmatter.However,intheU.S.itiscommontoseeapatternofasinglefarmhousesurroundedbyfirelds.thenearnestneighborwasperhaphstwomilesdistant.inevitably,thecentralsocialvalueswereself-relianceandindependence.

4.Whatareculturalvalues?

Thecommonlyheldstandardsofwhatisacceptableorunacceptable,importantorunimportant,rightorwrong,goodorbad,trueorfalse,workableorunworkable,etc.,inacommunityorsociety.

Valuesrepresentalearnedorganizationofrulesformakingchoicesandforresolvingtheconflicts.

5.Whatarethefivedimensionstoconsiderwhendoingstudiesofculturaldifferences（culturevalue）?

（1）Idividualismversuscollectivism（involvespeople’srelationshipstothelargersocialgroups;

socialrelationship）

Idividualism;

keywordsincludeindependence,privacy,self,andallimportantI

Collectivismbelieveinobligationstothegroup,weconscioucenessandanemphasisonbelonging.

（2）uncertaintyavoidance（howtoadapttochangesandcopewithuncertainties,）

Greece（planeverything0versusSingapore（likeuncertainty）

（3）powerdistance（allpeopleinaculturedonothaveequalslevelsofstatusorsocialpower.）MalaysiaversusNewZealand

（4）masculinityversusfemininity（workhardertogetachievement,wealthversuscaringfortheothersandthequatityoflife）JapanversusThailand

（5）orientationtotime（along-termorientationscheduleforworkandlifeversusashort-termorientationtowardchangingevents）

6.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenahigh-contextcultureandalow-contextone?

Low-contextinteractionemphasizesdirecttalk,person-orientedfocus,self-enhancementmode,andtheimportanceof“talk”:

high-contextinteraction,incontraststressesindirecttalk,status-orientedfocus,self-esffacementmode,andtheimportanceofnonverbalsignalsandevensilence.

U4:

1.Whatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture?

Cultureandlanguageareinterwinedandshapedeachother.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentence,andsendamessage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Culturalliteracy（特定领域的能力或知识）isnecessarytounderstandthelanguagebeingused.

（1）alllanguageshavesocialquestionsandinformationquestions.

Forexemple:

inAmeircaEnglish,thequestion“Howareyou”isasocialquestion,theAmericansregisterthephraseas“hello”.ButinGermanyandRussia,thephaseisanimformationqustion.thespeakeratuallywantstogetananswertoit.

（2）languagereflectstheenvironmentinwhichwelive.

Forexemple,intheAmazonareasnowisnotpartoftheenvironment.Therefore,peopleinthatregiondonothaveawordforsnow.however,mostAmericans,wholiveanenvironmentwhereIitsnowsmostmonthsoftheyear,usetermssuchassnow,sleet,slush,blizzardandice.

（3）languagereflectsculturalvalues.awayofthinking.

whenwetranslateconceptsfromaforeignlanguageandculturalwithwords,wehavetochoosetheprioritywordsinodertocommunicateeffectively.Culturalkowledgeisimpotantaslinguisticknowledge.

Forexample,Ameriansarefrustratedwiththemananamentality（西班牙语的明天心态）ofSpanish-speakingcountries:

forAmericantomorrowmeansmidnighttomidnight,averyprecisetimeperiod,ToMexicans,mananameansinthefuture,soon.

（4,）Differentcuturesuseidentical