文体学复习84393Word格式文档下载.docx
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文体学复习84393Word格式文档下载.docx
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Individual;
Temporal;
Regional;
SocialandStandard,amongwhichSocialdialectcanbefurtherdividedintosocioeconomicstatus,ethnic,genderandagevariety.
4.PatternsofRegisters:
Fieldofdiscourse;
ModeofdiscourseandTenorofdiscourse.
Unit5
1.Formality:
Itreferstothewayinwhichthestyleoflanguagewillvaryinappropriatenessaccordingtothesocialcontext:
theoccasionandtherelationshipbetweenaddresserandaddressee.
2.Twomainfactorsthatvarythedegreeofformality:
FunctionalTenorandSpeechSituation.
FunctionalTenor:
tellsustheaddresser’sintentionofusingthelanguage.
SpeechSituation:
Inordertochooseanappropriatespotonthecontinuum,thespeakermustassessthe“speechsituation”----thesetting,purpose,audience,socialrelations,andtopic.
3.MartinJoos’Classification
A.thefrozenlevel:
writtenlegaldocumentsorhighlysolemnspeech.
B.theformallevel:
usedforpublicaddresssuchaslecturesorspeecheswheretheaudienceisnotknowntothespeakerpersonallyorwherepersonalacquaintanceisnotacknowledged.
C.theconsultativelevel:
Lessformalgatheringssuchascommitteemeetingswherestatusisstillfairlyclearlydesigned,butwhereparticipantsinteract.
D.thecasuallevel:
Amongfriends,orpeerswhoknoweachotherwellenoughthatlittleelaborationisnecessary.
E.theintimatelevel:
betweenpeoplewhoseeeachotherdailyandsharethemajorityoftheirdailylifeexperiences.
Unit6
1.Distinctionsamongspeech:
Speechcanbespontaneous(conversingv.monologuing)andnon-spontaneous(sub-categorizedasreciting).
2.Distinctionsamongwriting:
Thetextthathasbeenwrittenmaybewrittentobespokenasifnotwritten(thelinesinadrama),writtentobespoken(scriptsforsermons,speeches,lectures,newsbulletinsandcommentaries),orevenwrittennotnecessarilytobespokenwithnorelationtothespokenmode(telephonebookordictionaries),andwrittennotnecessarilytobespokenbutwitharelationshipwiththespokenmode(dialogueinanovel).
Unit7Conversation
1.Grammaticalfeaturesofconversation
A.preferenceforshortandloosesentences
B.highincidenceofellipticalandincompletesentences
C.frequencyofinterrogativesentences
D.simplenominalandverbalgroupstructure
2.Lexicalfeatures
A.preferenceforshortwordsandvagueexpression
B.frequentuseofcolloquialitemsandidiomsandagreatmanyphrasalverbs
C.useoflexicalhyperboleandofslang
3.Phonologicalfeatures
A.frequentuseofsomebasicprosodicpattern(Thereisahighproportionofsimplefallingtones.)
B.prosodicvariationwithinthetone-unit
C.frequencyofpauseanduneventempo
D.freeoccurrenceofparalinguisticeffects
4.Semanticfeatures
A.randomnessofsubjectmatterandgenerallackofplanning
B.cohesivedeviceisverymarkedbythefrequentuseofpersonalpronounreference,cross-referenceusingarticlesanddeterminersanduseofcoordinatingconjunction.
Unit8PublicSpeech
1.Grammaticalfeaturesofpublicspeech
A.variationinsentencelength,asitreflectstheemotionalstateofmindofthespeakerandhis/herefforttoevokeanactiveresponsefromtheaudience.
B.varioussentencetypes(mostofthemarestatements,occasionalquestionsareused;
vocativesareusedtoaddatouchofintimacytotheaddresser-addresseerelationship)
C.morecomplex-lookinggroupstructures(nominalgroupsaremorewithpostmodificationthanwithpremodification.
A.usingaccurateandcleanwords(muchuseofabstractwordsorevenbigwords)
B.adaptationofwordingtoparticularaudience
C.lessuseofphrasalverbs
A.appropriatevolumeandpitchvariation
B.varyingtempoandrightlytimepause
C.rhythmiceffect
D.distinctarticulation
E.fulluseofnon-verbalcommunication
4.semanticfeatures
A.effectivewaysoforganization(problem-solutionorder)
Fivestepsofpsychologyofpersuasion:
Attention-Need-Satisfaction-Visualization-Action.
Connectivesinpublicspeaking:
theuseoftransitionalphrases,internalpreviewsandsummaries,andtheuseofsignposts
B.effectivewaysofdelivery
parallelism:
makesthestatementclear,consistentandcompelling
antithesis:
lendsextraimpacttothestatement
repetition:
helpscreateastrongemotionaleffect
a.synonym:
addforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentence
b.alliteration:
spruceupspeeches
Unit9Advertising
1.FunctionsofAdvertising
A.marketingrole
B.educationalrole
C.economicrole
D.socialrole
2.Twotypesofnewspaperads:
displayandclassified
3.Graphologicalfeatures
A.fulluseofgraphologicalcontrasts
B.prominentuseofpictures
C.clearidentificationoftheadvertiser
4.Grammaticalfeatures
A.preferenceforshortsentences
B.combineduseofvarioustypesofsentences
C.useofsimpleverbalgroups
D.useofheavilymodifiednominalgroups
5.Lexicalfeatures
A.wideuseofaffirmativeandcommendatorywordsandexpressions
a.Comparisonsaremanyinadvertising,usuallytoaffirmtheimprovementmadetoaproductorservice.
b.Mostprominentistheuseofalargenumberofadjectives
B.Frequentuseofpersonalpronouns
C.Extensiveuseofneologisms
6.Semanticfeatures
A.heavyrelianceonoveralllayout
Fivepartsofcomponents:
theheadline,thebody,theillustration,thesignatureandtheepigrammaticslogan.
B.highattentiontopositioningandtheme
C.useofrhetoricaldevises
a.repetition
b.parallelstructure
c.metaphoricalusesoflanguage
d.allusionsandpuns
7.Conspicuousfeaturesofbusiness-to-businessadvertising:
Businesscopytenstobelonger,moredetailedandmorefactual.Emphasisisplacedonaccuracyandcompleteness.
文体学复习
(二)
Unit10NewsReport
1.Generalfeatures
A.simple,easy-to-understandlanguage
B.Theneedtobecompact,andclear,andinterestingposesparticulardemandonthegraphologicaldesignofheadlines’onthepeculiararrangementofevents,andontheclarity,directnessandvividnessoflanguage.
2.Graphologicalfeature:
contrastinheadlines
3.Grammaticalfeatures
A.alternatinguseoflongandshortstatement-typesentences
B.frequentuseofinvertedsentencestructureandexpandedsimplesentences
C.useofheavymodifiednominalgroups:
thepresenceofmuchcomplexpre-andpost-modificationofthenominalgroupinthisvarietyofEnglish
D.useofsimpleverbalgroups
4.Lexicalfeatures
A.preferenceforjournalisticwordsandsetexpressions
B.wideuseofneologisms:
wordswithextendedmeaning\nonce-words\coinages\wordsborrowedextensivelyfromsportsandtechnology,gambling,ect.
C.extensiveuseofabbreviations
D.avoidanceofsuperlativesandtarnishedwordornaments
E.avoidanceofunobjectivewording
5.Semanticfeatures
A.distinctivediscoursepattern
B.simplewayoftransition
C.skilfulheadlining
a.Headlinesplayavitalpartindrawingthereaders’attentiontothenewsstory.
b.Rhetorically,headlinesseeknoveltyandhumorbyintriguingarrangementsofwordsandphrases,alluding,punningandvariousfigurativeuseoflanguagewheneverthereisachance.
Unit11ScienceandTechnology
1.threeabbreviations:
A.EST=theEnglishofscienceandtechnology
B.ESST=theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology
C.ECST=theEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology
2.Generalfeature:
impersonalformalstyle\veryhighconcentrationoftechnicaltermsandanumberofmathematicalsymbols.
A.moreuseoflongerandstatement-typesentences
B.preferenceforimpersonalsentencepatterns
a.frequentuseofsentencesintroducedbyananticipatoryIt
b.frequentuseofpassivestructure
C.wideuseofnon-finitestructureandprepositionalphrases
D.useofexpandedpremodification:
NominalgroupsinESTarecharacterizedbyexpandednounpremodification.
E.tendencytonominalization:
Nominalizationisanotherwayofmakingsentencescompact,impersonalandformal.
F.wideuseofthesimplepresenttense:
Whenscientistsmakestatementswhichtheybelievetobetrueatalltimesandinallplaces,theyusethesimplepresenttense.
G.incidenceofsubjunctivemood:
whenexplainingaproblemoraphenomenon.
4.LexicalFeatures:
uniquevocabularyanduseofcommonwordswithaccurateanddispassionedmeaning
A.specificuseofhighly-technicalwords
Highly-technicalwords:
Specializedvocabularyforagivenscientificdiscipline.Theyarewordswithprecise,narrowmeaningsuniquetothediscipline.
B.wideuseofsemi-technicalwords
Semi-technicalwords:
WordswhichareusedbothinordinaryEnglishandinESTwritings.Thosewordshavedifferentspecificmeaningsintheirdifferenttechnicalfields.
C.uniqueuseofnon-technicalwordsandexpressions:
Inordertoavoidambiguityorimprecisionofmorecommonlyusedwordswiththesameapparentmeanings,scientistsandengineerstendtousewordsandexpressionswithmeaningswhichareseldomusedoutsideEST.
D.frequentuseofabbreviations,symbols,formulae,andcharts
A.wideuseofconnectives:
a.Back
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