四级真题三Word文件下载.docx
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四级真题三Word文件下载.docx
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PartIIListeningComprehension(25minutes)
说明:
由于2021年12月四级考试全国共考了两套听力,本套真题听力与前两套内容相同,只是选项顺序不同,因此在本套真题中不再重复出现。
PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionA
Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
Afewmonthsago,Iwasdownwithaterriblecoldwhichendedinapersistentbadcough.Nomatterhowmanydifferent26Itried,Istillcouldn’tgetridofthecough.Notonlydidit27my
teachingbutalsomylifeasawhole.Thenonedayafterclass,astudentcameuptomeand28
traditionalChinesemedicine.Fromherdescription,Chinesemedicinesoundedasifithadmagicpowerthatworkedwonders.Iwas29becauseIknewsolittleaboutitandhavenevertrieditbefore.
Eventually,mycoughgotsomuch30thatIcouldn’tsleepatnight,soIdecidedtogiveitatry.The
Chinesedoctortookmypulseandaskedtoseemytongue,bothofwhichwerenew31tomebecause
theyarebothnon-existentinWesternmedicine.Thenthedoctorgavemeascraping(刮)treatment
knownas‘GuaSha’.Iwasalittle32atfirstbecauseheusedasmoothedgedtooltoscrapetheskin
onmyneckandshoulders.Afewminuteslater,the33strokesstartedtoproducearelievingeffect
andmybodyandmindbeganto34deeperintorelaxation.Ididn’tfeelanyimprovementinmy
conditioninthefirstcoupleofdays,butafterafewmoreregularvisitstothedoctor,mycoughstartedto35.Then,withinamatterofweeks,itwascompletelygone!
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
SectionB
Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.
IsitreallyOKtoeatfoodthat’sfallenonthefloor?
[A]Whenyoudropapieceoffoodonthefloor,isitreallyOKtoeatifyoupickitupwithinfive
seconds?
Anurbanfoodmythcontendsthatiffoodspendsjustafewsecondsonthefloor,dirtandgermswon’thavemuchofachancetocontaminateit.Researchinmylabhasfocusedonhowfoodbecomescontaminated,andwe’vedonesomeworkonthisparticularpieceofwisdom.
[B]Whilethe‘five-secondrule’mightnotseemlikethemostpressingissueforfoodscientiststogettothebottomof,it’sstillworthinvestigatingfoodmythslikethisonebecausetheyshapeourbeliefsaboutwhenfoodissafetoeat.
[C]Soisfivesecondsonthefloorthecriticalthreshold(门槛)thatseparatesapieceofeatablefoodfromacaseoffoodpoisoning?
It’sabitmorecomplicatedthanthat.Itdependsonjust
howmanybacteriacanmakeitfromfloortofoodinafewsecondsandjusthowdirtytheflooris.
[D]WonderingiffoodisstillOKtoeatafterit’sdroppedonthefloorisaprettycommonexperience.Andit’sprobablynotanewoneeither.Awell-known,butinaccurate,storyaboutJuliaChildmayhavecontributedtothisfoodmyth.Someviewersofhercookingshow,TheFrenchChef,insisttheysawChilddroplambonthefloorandpickitup,withtheadvicethatiftheywerealoneinthekitchen,theirguestswouldneverknow.
[E]Infactitwasapotatopancake,anditfellonthestovetop,notonthefloor.Childputitbackinthepan,saying,“Butyoucanalwayspickitupandifyou’realoneinthekitchen,who’sgoingtoseeit?
”Butthemisrememberedstorypersists.It’shardertopindowntheoriginsoftheoft-quotedfive-secondrule,buta2003studyreportedthat70%ofwomenand56%ofmensurveyedwerefamiliarwiththefive-secondruleandthatwomenweremorelikelythanmentoeatfoodthathaddroppedonthefloor.
[F]Sowhatdoessciencetellusaboutwhatafewmomentsonthefloormeansforthesafetyofyourfood?
Theearliestresearchreportonthefive-secondruleisattributedtoJillianClarke,ahighschoolstudentparticipatinginaresearchprojectattheUniversityofIllinois.Clarkeand
hercolleaguesintroducedbacteriatofloortiles(瓷砖)andthenplacedcookiesonthetilesfor
varyingtimes.Theyreportedbacteriaweretransferredfromthetilestothecookieswithinfiveseconds,butdidn’treportthespecificamountofbacteriathatmadeitfromthetilestothefood.
[G]Buthowmanybacteriaactuallytransferinfiveseconds?
In2007,mylabatClemsonUniversitypublishedastudyintheJournalofAppliedMicrobiology.Wewantedtoknowifthelengthoftimefoodisincontactwithacontaminatedsurfaceaffectedtherateoftransferofbacteriatothefood.Tofindout,weintroducedbacteriatosquaresoftile,carpetorwood.Fiveminutesafterthat,weplacedeitherbaconorbreadonthesurfacefor5,30or60seconds,andthenmeasuredthenumberofbacteriatransferredtothefood.Werepeatedthisexactprocedureafterthebacteriahadbeenonthesurfacefor2,4,8and24hours.
[H]Wefoundthatthenumberofbacteriatransferredtoeitherkindoffooddidn’tdependmuchonhowlongthefoodwasincontactwiththecontaminatedsurface—whetherforafewseconds
orforawholeminute.Theoverallnumberofbacteriaonthesurfacematteredmore,andthisdecreasedovertimeaftertheinitialintroduction.Itlookslikewhat’satissueislesshowlongyourfoodstaysonthefloorandmuchmorehowcontaminatedwithbacteriathatpatchoffloorhappenstobe.
[I]Wealsofoundthatthekindofsurfacemadeadifferenceaswell.Carpets,forinstance,seemtobeslightlybetterplacestodropyourfoodthanwoodortile.Whenacarpetwascontaminated,lessthan1%ofthebacteriaweretransferred.Butwhenthefoodwasincontactwithtileorwood,48-70%ofbacteriawere.
[J]Lastyear,astudyfromAstonUniversityintheUKusednearlyidenticalparameters(参数)toourstudyandfoundsimilarresults.Theyalsoreportedthat87%ofpeopleaskedeitherwould
eatorhadeatenfoodfallenonthefloor.
[K]Shouldyoueatfoodfallenonthefloorthen?
Fromafoodsafetystandpoint,ifyouhavemillionsormorebacteriaonasurface,0.1%isstillenoughtomakeyousick.Also,certain
typesofbacteriaareextremelyharmful,andittakesonlyasmallnumbertomakeyousick.Forexample,10bacteriaorlessofanespeciallydeadlystrainofbacteriacancausesevereillnessanddeathinpeoplewithcompromisedimmunesystems.Butthechanceofthesebacteriabeingonmostsurfacesisverylow.
[L]Andit’snotjustdroppingfoodonthefloorthatcanleadtobacterialcontamination.Bacteriaarecarriedbyvarious‘media’,whichcanincluderawfood,moistsurfaceswherebacteriahave
beenleft,ourhandsorskinandfromcoughingorsneezing(打喷嚏).Hands,foodsandutensils
(器皿)cancarryindividualbacterialivingincommunitiescontainedwithinaprotectivefilm.Thesemicroscopiclayersofdepositscontainingbacteriaareknownasbiofilmsandtheyare
foundonmostsurfacesandobjects.Biofilmcommunitiescanharborbacterialongerandareverydifficulttoclean.Bacteriainthesecommunitiesalsohaveanenhancedresistanceto
sanitizers(清洁剂)andantibioticscomparedtobacterialivingontheirown.
[M]Sothenexttimeyouconsidereatingfallenfood,theoddsareinyourfavorthatyoucaneatitwithoutgettingsick.Butintherarechancethatthereisamicro-organismthatcanmakeyousickontheexactspotwherethefooddropped,youcanbefairlysurethatthebugisonthefoodyouareabouttoputinyourmouth.
[N]Researchorcommonsensetellsusthatthebestthingtodoiskeepyourhands,utensilsandothersurfacesclean.
36.Aresearchprojectfoundbacteriamadetheirwaytothefoodonthefloorinfiveseconds.
37.Whetherfoodiscontaminateddependsmuchonthenumberofbacteriathatgetontoit.
38.Foodcontaminationmayresultfromvariousfactorsotherthanfooddroppingonthefloor.
39.Malesarelesslikelythanfemalestoeatfoodthatmayhavebeencontaminated.
40.Theauthor’sresearchcentersaroundhowfoodgetscontaminated.
41.Keepingeverythingcleanisthebestwaytostayhealthy.
42.Chancesareyouwillnotfallsickbecauseofeatingfoodpickedupfromthefloor.
43.Foralongtimepeoplehavehadtheexperienceofdecidingwhetherornottoeatfoodpicked
upfromthefloor.
44.Somestrainsofbacteriaaresoharmfulthatatinyfewcanhavedeadlyconsequences.
45.Researchersfoundhowmanybacteriagotontothefooddidnothavemuchtodowithhowlongthefoodstayedonacontaminatedfloor.
SectionC
Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.
PassageOne
Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Thelatestincatresearchrevealsthatthelovelyanimalseemstohaveabasicgrasponboththelawsofphysicsandtheinsandoutsofcauseandeffect.
Accordin
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