第19讲-Pragmatics-and-Translation.ppt
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第19讲-Pragmatics-and-Translation.ppt
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PragmaticsandTranslationoPragmaticsisabranchoflinguisticsdealingwithlanguageinuse.oItconcernstherelationbetweenthespeaker(writer)andthelistener(reader),thesituation/context,andespeciallythepurposeofthespeaker(writer).Whatispragmatics?
APoemWhenadiplomatsaysyes,hemeansperhaps;whenadiplomatsaysperhaps,hemeansno;andwhenadiplomatsaysno,heisnodiplomat.Whenaladysaysno,shemeansperhaps;whenaladysaysperhaps,shemeansyes,whenaladysaysyes,sheisnolady.-byVoltaire伏尔泰伏尔泰FrenchphilosopherandwriterwhoseworksepitomizetheAgeofEnlightenment,oftenattackinginjusticeandintolerance.HewroteCandide(1759)andthePhilosophicalDictionary(1764).法国哲学家和作家,其作品是启蒙时代的代表,常常攻击不公正和不宽容。
他著有老实人(1759年)和哲学辞典(1764年)Pragmaticsoisasubfieldoflinguisticswhichstudiesthewaysinwhichcontextcontributestomeaning.Itdevelopedinthelate1970s,whichstudieshowpeoplecomprehendandproduceacommunicativeactorspeechactinaconcretespeechsituation.Itdistinguishestwointentsormeaningsineachverbalcommunication:
oneistheinformativeintentorthesentencemeaning,andtheotherthecommunicativeintentorspeakermeaning(Leech,1983;SperberandWilson,1986).o语用学是研究在一定的上下文里语言的使用,包括所产生的字面意义和蕴涵意义,以及可能产生的语言效果的学科。
ACaseinHongkongA(aHongkongpoliceofficer):
Sir?
B(anEnglishman,theheadofthepoliceoffice):
Yes,whatisit?
A:
Mymotherisnotverywell,sir.B:
So?
A:
Shehastogointohospital,sir.B:
Well,getonwithit.Whatdoyouwant?
A:
OnThursday,sir.B:
Bloodyhell,man,whatdoyouwant?
A:
Nothing,sir.Comment:
C.Maximofmanner:
statement+requestE.Maximofrelevance:
request+statementA:
IdliketorequestadaysleaveforThursdaythisweekpleasesir.B:
Why?
A:
Well,mymotherhastogointohospitalonthatdayandIdliketogowithhertomakesurethateverythingisallright.Pragmatics&Translationo语用学理论各个领域可用于翻译研究,如:
指示语(deictics:
this)预设(presupposition)合作原则(TheCooperativePrinciple)关联理论(MaximofRelevance)话语礼貌(Maximofmanner)言语行为理论(speechacttheory)言外之意(conversationalimplicature)会话分析(conversationalanalysis)语用翻译:
语用学理论在翻译中的应用o1.这箱子,你提不提得动?
oCanyouliftthebox?
(appropriate?
)o请求帮助请求帮助oAreyouabletoliftthebox?
o2.红白喜事oWeddingsandfuneralsoWhite?
o喜事?
o3.争取运动成绩和精神文明双丰收。
oForbetterathleticrecordsandsportsmanshipomaterialcultureandspiritualculture?
TodaysContentsoPurposeofcommunicationoCommunicativeeuphemismoAddressingtermsoConventionalgreetingsoStylisticconnotationsPeoplemayusedifferentexpressionsforthesamepurpose.oCanIhavesomewater?
oHaveyougotanythingtodrink?
oShallwehavesomedrink?
oDontyouthinkwedbetterhavesomedrinknow?
oDoyoumindhavingsomedrink?
oIcandowithacupoftea.oImreallythirsty.oIwonderifyouhavesomethingtoquenchmythirst.Peoplemayusethesameexpressionfordifferentpurposes.o需要买点什么?
oCanIhelpyou?
nAshopassistanttoacustomero你找谁呀?
oCanIhelpyou?
nAhosttoastrangerwhoknocksatthedoorofhishouseo我能帮你忙吗?
o我能为你做点什么?
o关联理论和言语行为理论认为:
听话人需要越过字面意思,结合语境语境信息,通过推理推理达到对说话人意义的正确把握。
o
(1)Joe:
WillSarahbelong?
Pam:
SheiswithFranknow.oLong?
Short?
DependsonFrank.oFrankisknowntobeveryquick/slowwithpeople.o从语用学角度看翻译的本质:
一种跨文化、跨语言的示意推理推理过程或行为。
oAChinesestudentpresentingagifttohisprofessor:
o“Thisisasmallcase.”oItsasmallgift,butitconveysmydeepfeeling.oItsnothing.Pleaseacceptit.oConversationalImplicaturep232oYoudontknowwhatyouaretalkingabout.o你简直是胡说八道。
oIknowwhatImtalkingabout.o我可不是随便瞎说的。
oThatsallIwanttohear.o够了,别再说了。
oIfyouthinkheisagoodman,thinkagain.o要是你认为他是个好人,那你就错了。
PragmaticTranslation语用翻译:
语用学理论在翻译中的应用oThepragmaticequivalenteffectintranslationaimsattranslatingmeaninginfull,takingfullaccountofdifferencesbetweentheTLandSLinpragmalinguisticsandsociopragmatics.o何自然先生在语用学与英语学习(1997)中提出语用翻译是一种“等效翻译观”。
语用翻译应该使原作和译作在语用语言和社交语用两个层面上达到等值效果或称之为语用等值。
IICommunicativeEuphemismIICommunicativeEuphemismoCommunicativeeuphemismsareoftenusedtoexpressdisagreement,tocriticizesomeone,toputforwardsuggestions,ortoaskafavor.oThemeansusedmaybeofthelexicallevelorthesyntacticlevel.oLexcialleveloThemostfrequentlyusedwordis“please”.Butveryoftenotherswordsareaddedtomakethetonemild.oSyntacticleveloHaveyoureadthebook?
oNo,Ihavent.nSomewhatimpoliteandimplies“Andsowhat?
”oImafraidnot./IdontthinkIhave./Notyet.o我们希望贵公司能进一步降低价格。
我们希望贵公司能进一步降低价格。
oWehopeyourcompanywillfurtherloweryourprice.(literaltranslation)JEuphemismoItishopedyourpricewouldbefurtherlowered.(usepassivevoice)oWewonderifyoucouldfurtherloweryourprice.(useconditionalclause)oDoyouthinkitspossibleforyourcompanytofurtherlowertheprice?
nusequestionoItwashoped/WehadbeenwonderingnUsepropertensepracticeoYoushouldknowbetterthanswimmingimmediatelyafterabigmeal.o你怎么这么不懂事,刚吃饱就去游泳呢?
oHowIwishIcouldmakeyouseemypoint!
o我怎么跟你说不明白呢?
oYoucouldhavedonebetter.o你做得不够好。
o我们要研究研究。
oWellmakeastudyofit.(?
)o敷衍还是赞同?
o西方:
study-interest-almostagree(爽约-不守信用)o中国:
研究研究-敷衍-不赞同oItspossible.oCometomyplaceifyouhavetime.o有空到我家来玩。
oIfyouhavetime,pleasecometomyplace.(lesssincere)AddressingTermsAddressingTermsp1950to60s老同志、男同志、女同志、解放军同志、爸爸同志、妈妈同志p1970s老师傅、解放军师傅、大师傅、小师傅p1980s
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