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EnablersforSustainableDevelopment[J].Supplychainmanagement:

aninternationaljournal,2014,8

（2）:

122-131.

原文

GREENLOGISTICS:

ENABLERSFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT

JanC.Fransoo

EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Netherlands

1INTRODUCTION

Logisticsisthebackboneofindustryandcommerce.Asadiscipline,itdescribesthemanagementandcoordinationofactivitiesalongsupplychains.Theseactivitiesincludefreighttransport,storage,inventorymanagement,materialshandlingandrelatedinformationprocessing.Alargepartoflogisticsactivitiesareoftenoutsourcedtospecializedprovidersthatprovidecost-effectiveservices.Researchhasshownthat,atleastinhighincomeeconomies,thevalueofservicesisnotassessedinmonetaryandservicequalitytermsalone.Inmakingdecisions,logisticsprofessionalsareincreasinglytakingintoconsiderationexternaleffectssuchasemissions,pollution,noise,andaccidents.

ThelastLPIreportreleasein2012,forinstance,pointedoutthatinshipmentstoOECDcountries,environmentallyfriendlysolutionsareconsideredfarmoreoftenthanelsewhere.Mountingregulatorypressure,togetherwithchangesincustomerpreferences,arethemaindriversofthisphenomenon.OneofthemorewidelyusedtermstodescribethissetofpreferencesisgreenLogistics,especiallywhentheactivitiesoflogisticsserviceprovidersareconcerned.

Research,includingarecentbookbyAlanMcKinnon,hasestablishedthatgreenLogisticsisanemergingconcernofprivateoperatorsandprovidersandusersoflogistics.Fromapolicystandpoint,andespeciallyfortheglobalenvironment,greenLogisticsispotentiallyamajortopicaswell:

estimatesvary,butabout15%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions（GHG）canbetracedtologisticsactivities.

GreenLogisticsmaynotbeanindependentpolicyarea.Rather,thesupplychainperspectiveprovidesaframeworktounderstandanddealwithissuesthatareseparatebutultimatelyinterrelated.Importantly,lookingatsupplychainshelpspolicymakersunderstandtheinterestsandactionsofprivatesectoroperators.GreenLogisticsmaythereforeproposeanumberoftoolsandidentifyemergingsustainablesolutionscontributingtotheoverarchingobjectiveofgreenGrowth.

Fromapolicyperspective,logisticscutacrossseveralareasandsectors.Theperformanceofsupplychainsdependsonareasoractivitieswheregovernmentasregulatororcatalystofinvestmentiscritical,suchas:

Transportinfrastructure:

roadandrailcorridors,portsandairports

Theefficienciesoflogisticsservices:

servicesincludenotonlymodalfreighttransport,butalsowarehousingandintermediaryservices,suchasbrokersandforwarders,andrelatedinformation-flowmanagement.Inmoderneconomies,thetrendistowardsintegrationinmulti-activitylogisticsproviders（3PLs,4PLs）towhichindustrialandcommercialfirmsoutsourcetheirsupplychainactivities.Understandingtheregulatorydimensionofservicesisbecomingincreasinglycriticaltothedevelopmentofeffectivepoliciesinareassuchas:

professionalandoperationalstandards,regulationofentryinmarketandprofessions,competition,enforcement.

Proceduresapplyingtothemerchandise,suchastradeprocedures（customsandothercontrols）.

Thesoftinfrastructurethatsupportsinformationorfinancialflowassociatedwiththephysicalmovementsalongsupplychains:

ITinfrastructure,paymentsystems.

Theconceptofnationallogisticsperformancecapturingtheoutcomeofthesepoliciesiswidelyrecognizedbypolicymakersandtheprivatesectorworldwideasacriticalcontributiontonationalcompetitiveness.Akeyquestionforsustainabledevelopmentishowtointegratesupplychainparticipantsconcernwithenvironmentalsustainabilitywiththeconceptofnationallogisticsperformance.

Withinlogistics,transportcreatesthelargestenvironmentalfootprint.Butthevolumeofemissionscanvarygreatly,dependingonthemodeoftransport.Thevolumeofemissionpertonperkmincreasesbyanorderofmagnitudefrommaritimetolandtransportationandtoairtransportation.Thisisakeyenvironmentalaspectoflogisticsthatisnottakenintoconsiderationbymostsupplychainoperators.Logisticsexpertstypicallyintegratefreightmodesandotherrelatedactivitiessothatthetransportanddistributionnetworkisusedinthemostefficientmanner,whichisimportantforkeepingemissionsincheck,aswell.Dependingonthetypeofindustryandgeographicalregion,supplychainoperatorscanplacevaryingemphasisonthereliabilityofsupplychains,aswell.Insummary,supplychainchoicestypicallyincludemultiplecriteriaandtrade-offs,andthismakesananalysisoftheirenvironmentalimpactcomplex;

themostenvironmentallyfriendlychoicesdonotonlydependonmodeoftransportation,butalsoonotherelements,suchasefficiencyandreliability.

Toreducetheenvironmentalfootprintofasupplychain,thefocusshouldbeonseveraldimensionsandshouldselectthebestmodeoftransport,efficientmovements,andinnovation.Comprehensiveworkongreeningindividualmodesoftransportationisalreadyavailable.Here,thekeydrivershavebeenenergyefficiencyandtheurgetodiminishvarioustypesofemission.Giventheintegratednatureofsupplychains,however,themannerinwhichpricesignalsandincentivescatalyzesupplychainstructureisaratherintricateproblem:

lower-emissionmodesoftransport（maritime,e.g.）aretypicallyalsolessreliableorhaveotherlimitations（suchasmaritimeaccesstoalandlockedcountry）.Suchlimitationsmayincludethecostofsuchtechnologies,thetemperaturerangewithinwhichtheycanbeusedortheavailabilityofcertaintypesoffuel.ItisthereforecriticaltocomplementthecurrentknowledgeaboutemissionsproducedbydifferentmodesoftransportationwithanunderstandingofwhatdrivesthedemandforGreenLogisticswithinsupplychains.

Theemergingresponseislikelytotaketheformoftop-downpolicy,suchasmeasuresintheformofstandardsortaxesaddressingemissions（GHG,SO2,NOx）bymodeoffreight.Forinstance,acaponSO2emissionsonmajormaritimerouteswillgointoeffectattheendof20152.Atleastasimportantistheresponsefromthebottomup.Thesearesupply-chainstrategiescomingfromtheprivatesectorinresponsetopolicyorpricechanges,butalsodemandfromconsumers,clientsandstake-holders.GreenSupplyChainmanagementhastobetakenseriouslybypolicymakers.

Anexclusivefocusonpricemechanism（includingtaxes）,asisthecurrenttendency,maymisssomeofthemajordriverofchangesinsupplychainmanagement.Anothercomplication,atleastinthecontextofinternationaltrade,isthatthefocusontheimpactoninternationallogisticsdoesnotcapturethefootprintofproductionprocesses.Theseprocessesmayhavedifferentimpactthanthesupplychainitself,asinthecaseoffoodproduction.

Thereisalsoevidencethatmuchoftheenvironmentalfootprintoflogisticsoperationsistiedtoshortdistancesanddistribution.GreenLogisticsisintimatelylinkedwithconcernssuchasurbancongestion,andinnovationsinLogisticsarecriticaltosustainablesupplychains.GrassrootsinnovationsinLogisticshaverecentlyflourished,oftenproducingwin-winsolutionsintermsofjobsandtheenvironment.Moregenerally,thereisincreasingawarenessthatgreensupplychainscanbealsocompetitive,eitherbecausetheawarenessoftheenvironmenthelpsproductivityorbecauseconsumersexpectit,particularlyinwealthycountries.

Aconcretecaseinpointisalsotheso-calledsulphuremissionregulationbyIMOthatentersintoforceonJanuary1,2015inmostofNorthSea,BalticSeaandalongwestandeastcoastsofUS&

Canada（barAlaska）.Shipshavetogooverfromfuelwith1.5%sulphurto0.1%sulphurorinvestinso-calledscrubbers,thatabsorbthesulphurfromexhaustgases;

technologythatisstillnascentinthemaritimecontext.ScrubberinvestmentpercargoshipisUSD2millionanduowithmultiplesastheshipenginesizeincreases,withannualmaintenancecostapprox..7-10%ofinvestment.Thisseeminglyinnocentandrathertechnicalchangeisgoingtohaveahugeimpactonshippingandthespillovereffecttoothermodes&

SupplychainsaregoingtobesignificantGreenLogisticsalsoencompassespotentiallylonger-termconcerns.Agreenfocuswithinlogisticsanalysiscouldexamineasupplychainvulnerabilitytoclimateeventsortolargeswingsinthepriceoftransportinputs,forinstance.ArecentvolcanicepisodeinIcelandshowedthevulnerabilityofonespecificsupplychainthatreliesheavilyonairfreightfreshproducecomingfromAfricaspoiledwhenflightswerecancelledbecauseofthevolcanicash.Resilienceconcernsandotherformofuncertaintyarelikelytoshapesupplychainchoicesbyregionalandglobaloperators.Giventheimportanceoftradeincomponentsandintra-firmtrade,howlargeoperatorsdevelopgreensupplychainstrategieswillhaveprofoundeconomicimpact.Resilientandgreenersupplychainsarelikelytobelessextendedandleaner,forexample,thoughtheconsequencesfortradeandintegrationoflowincomeeconomiescannotbetreatedfullyhere.

Policymakersshouldbeconcernedbyboththesupplyanddemandaspectsoflogisticsenvironmentaldimensions.Sofar,thepolicyfocushasbeenonmodalfootprintandhasnottakenintoaccountasupplychainperspective.TherehavenotbeenmajorinitiativesinGreenLogistics,eveninthecountriesmostsensitivetotheissue,suchasthoseinNorthernEurope.Ratherthemostimportantchangeshaveoccurredasacombinationoflargelyuncoordinatedpublicandpriv