存在与时间的术语表打印版Word格式.docx
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存在与时间的术语表打印版Word格式.docx
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andalsotothepagereferencesfoundinthe1962EnglishtranslationofBeingandTime.Thefullcitationofthisworkis:
Heidegger,Martin(2000),BeingandTime,JohnMacquarrie&
EdwardRobinson(trans),London:
BlackwellPublishingLtd.
TheglossaryisprimarilyaimedatpersonsreadingBeingandTimeinEnglishandconsequentlyGermantermsare,forthemostpart,omitted.Theprimaryexceptiontothisistheterm"
Dasein"
whichisfamiliarenoughtoEnglishreaders.Needlesstosay,IapologisetoanyGermanreaders-aswellastoHeideggerpuristsreadingthis!
ForthoseseekingtranslationsofthemanyoftheGreekwordsandphrasesinBeingandTime,thereisalreadyandexcellentonlineresourcededicatedtothisatPete'
sEreignissite:
-A-
Apophantic
AtermcoinedbyAristotletodesignateacertainkindofjudgement,which,heclaimed,couldascertainwhatisfalseandwhatistrueaboutphenomena.However,anapophanticjudgementdoesnotarriveatitsverdictbycomparingtrueentitieswithfalseones,butbyexaminingandevaluatingtheentitiesinthemselves.ThisiswhyHeideggerwassokeenonthemethodforhisphenomenology[ref.¶
7,page56].Heideggerarguesthatthecomparativemethodsofjudgingactuallyobscuresthetruth,becauseitisaplacingofsomethinginfrontofsomethingelse.Thereforeinordertodiscoverthetruth,onemustapprehendingthebeingofanentityinandforitself.
Apophanticjudgementsaremadeeitherbyattributingapredicatetoasubject(insofarasitpertainstothesubjectasapropertyofit);
orconverselydenyingapredicatetoasubject(insofarasitdoesnotpertaintoit),Howeverinbothcasesthesubjectandpredicatesbelongtotheentityitselfandnottosomethingelse.Thus,fromthisontologicalbasisAristotleclaimedthatapophanticjudgementscouldestablishthe"
pureforms"
ofallpossibletrue(andfalse)predicationsandHeideggerclaimedbyusingthemhecouldavoidbasinghisphilosophyonthecomparativemethodofjudgment(sothathiswouldnotbeamerephilosophyofappearances)[ref.¶
7,Page52-53].(Thisexplanationofapophanticwasadaptedfromwww.marcuse.org).
AppearanceandAnnouncing
Appearancedescribesarelationshipbetweenphenomena,whichisalwaysbasedonareferralofsomekindorother,thereforeitiscontrarytophenomenathatshowthemselvesintheirgenuineBeing.The'
phenomenon'
ofappearancealsoshowsitself,butitsBeingisalwaysareferencemaskingsomeotherkindofBeing.[ref.¶
7,page54]
Appearance(astheappearanceofsomething)doesnotmeansomethingthatshowsitself,butrathersomethingthatannouncesitself.Announcingcanbedefinedasa'
showingitselfbynotshowingitself,'
forexampleanillnessannouncesitselfinitssymptoms,whichare,sotospeak,itscallingcard.So,inasense,appearanceisanotshowingitself(Heideggerusestheterm"
not"
herewiththecaveatthatitisnottobeunderstoodasmeaninganegation,butasindicatingthepresenceofsomethingunseen).Anythingthatnevershowsitselfisalsosomethingthatcanneverseem.Thisiswhyappearanceisdifferentfromshowingorseeming.Allindications,presentations,symptomsandsymbolshavethisbasicformalstructureofappearing.Appearancehasfourdistinctmeanings.
1.Appearance=somethingwhichannouncesitselfwithoutshowingitself,i.e.thediseaseannouncingitselfthroughitssymptoms.
2.Appearance=somethingthatsignifiesshowingitself,andthereforeimpliestheappearanceofphenomena,i.e.,aphantomtraceonaradarscreenthatismistakenforaplane.
3.Appearance=thetermusedincorrectlytodescribingthegenuine'
showing-itself'
ofaphenomenon.
4.Appearance=somethingwhichisthepositiveemissaryofthatwhichdoesnotappearinanymanifestform,i.e.,athingwhichindicatestheexistenceofthatwhichdoesnotappearandneverwillappear.Forinstance,causalchangesduetothepassageoftimeannouncesitselfinthegreyingofsomeone'
shair,orthechangesinalandscape,orthedecayingoffruit,leftinabowl.Alltheseinstancesappeartopointtotheexistenceofathingcalledtime,whichotherwisedoesnotexistasaphenomenonwhichcanbeseeninitself.
Thepointtobemadehereisthatifonedefinesphenomenonwiththeaidofaconceptionofappearancewhichdoesnotdifferentiatebetweenthesemultiplemeaning,thenconfusionisboundtoreign!
[ref.¶
7,Page52-53]
Assignment
(Seeequipment)
AuthenticityandInauthenticity
AuthenticBeingisitsownmeasure,inotherwordswhenitdoesnothavetojustifyit'
sexistenceascomparedwithanythingelse.
AuthenticityandinauthenticityarewhatgivesDaseinitsdefinitecharacter.DaseiniseitherAuthentic,which,inthesenseofmyBeing,meansthatIcanchoseandwinmyself,orconverselyloseandneverwinmyself[ref.¶
9,Page68],orDaseinisInauthentic,whichmeansfleeinginthefaceofmyBeingandforgettingthatIcanchoseandwinmyself[ref.¶
9,Page69-70].Authenticityandinauthenticitydonotderivetheirmeaningorvaluebycomparisonwithanythingelse,inthissensethattheysimplyarewhattheyare.Thismeansthatwecannotspeakofthemasbeingdeterminedbyanypriorconsiderationsorinfluences,butratherweshouldthinkofthemasdeterminingthesethings,sinceauthenticityandinauthenticityarethegroundsonwhichaparticularDaseindeterminesitsownpossibilies.[ref.¶
12,page78]
WhenaparticularDaseintalksaboutitsBeing,itisineachcase"
myBeing"
.AndbecausetheessenceofDaseinliesinits'
tobe'
itisalso'
mytobe'
.Thus,wetalkaboutDasein'
sBeingintermsofpossibilityratherthanactuality.Butofcoursedescribingsomethingintermsofallofthepotentialwaysthatitcanbe,isfarmorecomplexthandescribingitintermsofwhatit"
is"
.[ref.¶
9,Page67].
ThedecisionastowhichwaytheBeingofDaseinis'
mytobe,'
issomethingthataparticularDaseinwillhavedecidedbeforehand,basedontheconstraintsimposeduponitbyexperience(seehistoricality).TheentityDasein,who'
sBeingisanissueforit,comportsitselftowardsitsBeingasitsownmostpossibility.IneachcaseDaseinisitspossibilityandforthatreasonitcanchoseitselfandwinitself,orconverselyloseitselfandneverwinitself,orperhapsonlyseemtodoso.ButthischoosingandloosingisdefinedonlyinthesensethatitcanbeessentiallyviewedbyDaseinasBeingauthentic-thatisassomethingwhichhasarealityvaluethatisnotrelativetoormeasuredbycomparisonswithanythingelse.Authenticitystandsalone:
itisthewaythingsare.[ref.¶
9,Page68]AnauthenticBeingisitsownmeasure,becauseitdoesnothavetojustifyit'
sexistencebycomparingitwithanythingelse(indeed,howwoulditbepossibleforpeoplestepoutsideoftheirownlivestodothis?
)
Daseinexists,eitherinthemodeofauthenticity,orinauthenticity.Infact,insayingthisHeideggerisclaimingthatDaseincannotproperlybedescribedasexistinginanyotherstate,althoughhedoesconcedesthatDaseincanbesaidtobemodallyundifferentiated.Howeverinconsideringthislastremark,Iwanttopointoutthatthis'
undifferentiatedDasein'
cannotbesaidtoconstituteadescriptionofanypositivecharacteristics,sinceundifferentiatedDaseinwouldnotpossessanycharacteristicsatall.ThekeywordinHeidegger'
sabovestatementisdescribe.YoucannotdescribeDaseinitselfsinceDaseinisnotathingthatcanbepointedatortalkedaboutinthewaywecantalkaboutentitieswhicharenotDasein[ref.¶
9,page67].InordertotalkaboutbeingatallwehavetotalkaboutstructuresofBeing.ForexampleyoucannottalkabouttheBeingofaparticularDaseinbecauseitisthesumtotalofallitspossibilities,butyoucansayofDasein,generallyspeaking,thatitisthesumtotalofitspossibilitiesandpotentials(whatevertheymaybe).ThisstatementisstructuralbecauseitdescribesthestructuresinwhichDaseininhabits.ThistheniswhatwearelookingatwhenweareanalysingBeing.ThestructuralmaptotheterritorythatisBeing.Bylookingatthemap,wecanpointtocertaincharacteristicsthatstandout,ofwhichauthenticityandinauthenticityaretheprimaryones.AuthenticityandinauthenticityofDaseinmustbeseenandunderstoodinHeidegger'
sanalysisasbeingapriori(thatisascomingbefore)Dasein'
sunderstandingofitselfandthusofitsunderstandingofitsownexistence.However,althoughnotdeterminedbyanythingprior,authenticityandinauthenticityarethemselvesgroundeduponastateofHeideggercallsBeing-in-the-world.[ref.¶
12,page78](seealsoinauthenticity)
AverageEverydayness
Inthishistoryofphilosophy,onegetsthestrongimpressionthatthoughtsaboutexistencehavealwaysemergedintherarefiedatmosphereofsolitarycontemplation.AsHeideggerquiterightlypointsout,thisattitudeisnottypicalofthewaypeoplelivetheireverydaylives.MuchofourexistenceisnotspendinreflexivecontemplationofourBeing-in-the-world,butratherweareimmersedinthetaskofjustgettingonwithourlives.ThisthenisDasein'
smodeofaverageeverydayness.HoweverHeideggerconsidersthisordinarymodeofBeing,despitebeingthemostunconsidered,tobealsothemostimpor
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