The Old Man and the Sea is one of HemingwayWord格式文档下载.docx

The Old Man and the Sea is one of HemingwayWord格式文档下载.docx

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Backgroundandpublication：

MostpeoplemaintainthattheyearsfollowingHemingway'

spublicationofForWhomtheBellTollsin1940until1952werethebleakestinhisliterarycareer.ThenovelAcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees（1950）wasalmostunanimouslydisparagedbycriticsasself-parody.EvidentlyhisparticipationasanAlliedcorrespondentinWorldWarIIdidnotyieldfruitsequivalenttothosewroughtofhisexperiencesinWorldWarI（AFarewelltoArms,1929）ortheSpanishCivilWar（ForWhomtheBellTolls）.

Inspirationforcharacter：

GregorioFuentesisonepossiblemodelforHemingway'

seponymous"

OldMan”.WhileHemingwaywaslivinginCubabeginningin1940withhisthirdwifeMarthaGellhorn,oneofhisfavoritepastimeswastosailandfishinhisboat,namedthePilar.GeneralbiographicalconsensusholdsthatthemodelforSantiagoinTheOldManandtheSeawas,atleastinpart,theCubanfishermanGregorioFuentes.

Fuentes,alsoknownasGoyotohisfriends,wasbornin1897onLazarettointheCanaryIslands,migratedtoCubawhenhewassixyearsoldandmetHemingwaytherein1928.Inthe1930s,Hemingwayhiredhimtolookafterhisboat.DuringHemingway'

sCubanyearsastrongfriendshipformedbetweenHemingwayandFuentes.Foralmostthirtyyears,FuentesservedasthecaptainofthePilar;

thisincludedtimeduringwhichHemingwaydidnotliveinCuba.

Fuentesattimeswouldadmitthatthestorywasnotexactlyabouthim.Herelatedthatthetrueinspirationoftheoldmanandtheboydidexistbuttheyneverknewwhotheywere.Thestorygoesthatinthelate1940s,uponreturnfromanearlymorningfishingtrip,FuentesandHemingwaysawasmallrowboat10milesouttosea.HemingwayaskedFuentestoapproachthevesseltoseeiftheyneededhelp.Insidetheboatwasanoldmanandaboy.Asthevesselsclosedintheoldmanbeganyellingatthemwithinsultsincludingtellingthemtogotohell,indicatingthattheyhadscaredawaythefish.AccordingtoFuentes,heandHemingwaylookedateachotherinsurprise.Justthesame,HemingwayaskedFuentestolowerthemsomefoodanddrinkswhiletheoldmanandboyglaredatthem.Withoutanotherwordexchanged,thetwoboatspartedways.AccordingtoFuentes,Hemingwaybeganimmediatelytowriteinhisnotebookandlateraskedhimtofindtheoldman.AccordingtoFuentes,heneverwasabletofindthefishermanthathadmadesuchanimpressiononHemingway.Fuentesrecountsthatthiswastherealoriginofthelore.AfewyearsafterTheOldManandtheSeawaspublished,residentsofCojimarbelievedthattheoldfishermanthatFuentesandHemingwayranintoatseawasahumblelocalfishermantheycalledelViejoMiguel;

somedescribedhisphysicalappearanceasawirySpencerTracy.

Fuentes,sufferingfromcancer,diedin2002;

hewas104yearsold.Priortohisdeath,hedonatedHemingway'

sPilartotheCubangovernment.

HemingwayhadinitiallyplannedtouseSantiago'

sstory,whichbecameTheOldManandtheSea,aspartofarandomintimacybetweenmotherandsonandalsothefactofrelationshipsthatcovermostofthebookrelatetotheBible,whichhereferredtoas"

TheSeaBook."

（HealsoreferredtotheBibleasthe"

SeaofKnowledge"

andothersuchthings.）SomeaspectsofitdidappearintheposthumouslypublishedIslandsintheStream.PositivefeedbackhereceivedforOntheBlueWater（Esquire,April1936）ledhimtorewriteitasanindependentwork.Thebookisanovellabecauseithasnochaptersorpartsandisslightlylongerthanashortstory.

Thenovellafirstappeared,inits26,500-wordentirety,aspartoftheSeptember1,1952editionofLifemagazine.5.3millioncopiesofthatissueweresoldwithintwodays.Themajorityofconcurrentcriticismwaspositive,althoughsomedissentingcriticismhassinceemerged.ThetitlewasmisprintedonthecoverofanearlyeditionasTheOldMenandtheSea

[edit]Plotsummary

TheOldManandtheSearecountsanepicbattlebetweenanold,experiencedfishermanandagiantmarlinsaidtobethelargestcatchofhislife.Itopensbyexplainingthatthefisherman,whoisnamedSantiago,hasgone84dayswithoutcatchinganyfishatall.Heisapparentlysounluckythathisyoungapprentice,Manolin,hasbeenforbiddenbyhisparentstosailwiththeoldmanandbeenorderedtofishwithmoresuccessfulfishermen.Stilldedicatedtotheoldman,however,theboyvisitsSantiago'

sshackeachnight,haulingbackhisfishinggear,feedinghimanddiscussingAmericanbaseball—mostnotablySantiago'

sidol,JoeDiMaggio.SantiagotellsManolinthatonthenextday,hewillventurefaroutintotheGulftofish,confidentthathisunluckystreakisnearitsend.

Thusontheeighty-fifthday,Santiagosetsoutalone,takinghisskifffarintotheGulf.Hesetshislinesand,bynoonofthefirstday,abigfishthatheissureisamarlintakeshisbait.Unabletopullinthegreatmarlin,Santiagoinsteadfindsthefishpullinghisskiff.Twodaysandtwonightspassinthismanner,duringwhichtheoldmanbearsthetensionofthelinewithhisbody.Thoughheiswoundedbythestruggleandinpain,Santiagoexpressesacompassionateappreciationforhisadversary,oftenreferringtohimasabrother.Healsodeterminesthatbecauseofthefish'

sgreatdignity,noonewillbeworthyofeatingthemarlin.

Onthethirddayoftheordeal,thefishbeginstocircletheskiff,indicatinghistirednesstotheoldman.Santiago,nowcompletelywornoutandalmostindelirium,usesallthestrengthhehasleftinhimtopullthefishontoitssideandstabthemarlinwithaharpoon,therebyendingthelongbattlebetweentheoldmanandthetenaciousfish.

Santiagostrapsthemarlintohisskiffandheadshome,thinkingaboutthehighpricethefishwillbringhimatthemarketandhowmanypeoplehewillfeed.

WhileSantiagocontinueshisjourneybacktotheshore,sharksareattractedtothetrailofbloodleftbythemarlininthewater.Thefirst,agreatmakoshark,Santiagokillswithhisharpoon,losingthatweaponintheprocess.Hemakesanewharpoonbystrappinghisknifetotheendofanoartohelpwardoffthenextlineofsharks;

intotal,fivesharksareslainandmanyothersaredrivenaway.Butbynight,thesharkshavealmostdevouredthemarlin'

sentirecarcass,leavingaskeletonconsistingmostlyofitsbackbone,itstailanditshead,thelatterstillbearingthegiantspear.Theoldmancastigateshimselfforsacrificingthemarlin.Finallyreachingtheshorebeforedawnonthenextday,hestrugglesonthewaytohisshack,carryingtheheavymastonhisshoulder.Oncehome,heslumpsontohisbedandentersaverydeepsleep.

Agroupoffishermengathersthenextdayaroundtheboatwherethefish'

sskeletonisstillattached.Oneofthefishermenmeasuresittobeeighteenfeetfromnosetotail.Touristsatthenearbycafé

mistakenlytakeitforashark.Manolin,worriedduringtheoldman'

sendeavor,criesuponfindinghimsafeasleep.Theboybringshimnewspapersandcoffee.Whentheoldmanwakes,theypromisetofishtogetheronceagain.Uponhisreturntosleep,SantiagodreamsoflionsontheAfricanbeach.

TheOldManandtheSeaiswrittenaccordingtoatruefact.

AftertheSecondWorldWar,HemingwayimmigratedintoCuba;

therehewasacquaintedwithanoldCubanfisherman.In1930,Hemingwaycameacrossahurricaneonaboat;

fortunatelythefishermansavedhim,afterthat,theyoftenwenttofishingtogether.In1936,theoldfishermancaughtabigfish.Thefishwassobigthatitspentalongtimetobebroughtback,afteritwasbroughtback;

therewasonlyagiantskeletontobeleft.Hemingwaywasveryinterestinginthisstory,andherealizedthatitwasanexcellentnovelmaterial.In1950,Hemingwaybegantowriterthisnovel.Intheearlyof1951itwasfinished,andtherewerejusteightweeksspentinall.Afterashorttimeitwaspublished.Hemingwayhimselfaccountedthatthisnovelishisbestworkinhisliterarycreation.

Whenthisworkwasfinished,Hemingwaywasover50yearsold;

HehasexperiencedthetwoWorldWarsandwitnessedthecollapseanddepravityofwesterntraditionalculture.Nowhewasanoldman,justlikeSantiago.Nomatterhowambitioushewas,hewasoldandnotasstrongashisyouth.Thiswaslife,andnobodycouldchangeit.WiththisworkHemingwayexpressedhistragicthoughtthroughhisseemlytoughstyle.

ChapterⅣAnalysisaboutTheOldManandtheSea

AsthequintessenceofHemingway’sworks,TheOldManandtheSeahasgreatinfluenceintheworldliteraryworks.ThefigureofthisworkistheconcentrateofHemingway’slifetime.Everythingintheworkmeansmanythings,andhasitsdiffer