整理高中英语议写作指导Word下载.docx
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整理高中英语议写作指导Word下载.docx
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二、议论文的写作步骤:
1.引言(introduction).由于英语作文受时间,字数的限制.因此,在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题,并明白地亮出自己的观点,如提倡什么,支援什么,反对什么.
2.主体段(mainbody).主体段是议论的过程,作者必须有足够的证据.(adequateproofs)来论证自己的观点.一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述.
3.结论(conclusion).结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章.同时要注意与引言段呼应,但不能照搬前面的原话.
例:
课本高二上P78第一封信
Tutorialcenterishelpful.
Ihavestudiedatatutorialcenterfortwoyears.MycommandofEnglishhasimprovedconsiderablysinceIstartedthiscourse.
Atmycenter,thefeesarereasonable.Mytutorsarequalifiedteachers.Ihavebeenhelpedalotbythem.Theyaresincereandkind.
OneofmyteacherswasBritish.Atfirst,Icouldnotsayanythingtoher.ButlaterIlearnedhowtocommunicateinEnglishwithawesterner.
IthinkthatthetutorialcenterhasgivenmealotofconfidenceinusingEnglish.评注:
第一段提出论点,体现家教中心是helpful(段划线部分),主体段分别从几个方面(划线部分)来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用(划线部分),且语句表达与第一段中的不重复.
三、议论文的写作模式
1.议论文的类型
英语议论文根据命题特点,从形式上来看可分为如下类型:
①“一分为二”的观点.如“轿车大量进入家庭后,对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”
②“两者选一”的观点.如,期中考试作文题,“乘火车还是乘飞机”
③“我认为……”型.如“你对课外阅读的看法”
④“怎样……(howto)”型.如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”.
⑤图表作文.通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法.
按照高二上学期的写作要求,学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作.在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面:
通过正反两个方面的对比,得出结论是利大于弊,还是弊大于利.论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开,若利大于弊,则有利的一面要多阐述一点.反之亦然.
在第②种类型中,命题要求在A或B两者之间作一比较或选择,两个对象往往各有优势,所以结论部分有两种情况:
a.要么支持A,要么支持B;
b.A、B优势均难的割舍,只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选A,在什么条件选B.
下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式
Introduction
第1段:
Nowadaysmoreandmorepeople.../...playsanimportantpartin....likeeverythingelse,...has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects/bothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows.Mainbody
第2段:
Firstly,..Secondly,…Inaddition/What’smore…
第3段:
Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspects/disadvantagesarealsoapparent/obvious.Tobeginwith…;
Tomakemattersworse…;
Worseofall…
Conclusion
第4段:
Throughaboveanalysis/Allthingsconsidered,wecanseethatthepositiveaspects/advantagesoutweighthenegativeones/disadvantages.Therefore…例文1.看电视的利与弊AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingTV
NowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchTV.SoTVplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.ButwatchingTVhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.
Firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingTV.Asweallknow,learningthingsbyTVismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.Forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.
Secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.
What’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.Let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.AndnowopenyourTVandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.Forexample,watchingtoomuchTVcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.Tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingTVsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.
Throughaboveanalysis,IthinkwatchingTVisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchTV.ButwhenwewatchTV,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingTVwilldestroyourlife.例文2.谈谈出国留学的利与弊WheretoattendacollegeNowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearegoingtostudyabroad.Likeeverythingelse,studyingabroadhasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.Generally,thefavorableaspectscanbelistedasfollows.
Firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.Secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.Moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.
Everycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Thecostsaremuchhigherthanthoseintheirnativecountry.Mostoverseasstudentshavetoworkforaliving,whichcan’tallowthemtopayalltheirattentiontostudy.What’smore,theymayfeelverylonely.
Throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.Therefore,Iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.写作练习:
①谈谈校服(schooluniforms).
提示:
近年来,越来越多的中小学要求穿校服.对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论,请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点.
Reference:
someofthemainargumentsforandagainstschooluniforms.
FORAGAINST
1.Studentslookneatandtidy.1.Uniformsareexpensive.
2.Thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.2.Childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.
3.Parentsallpaythesamemoney.3.Someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.
4.Studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions.4.Studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals.
5.Teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.5.Getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.
6.Gooddisciplineforstudents.②说广告(aboutadvertisement).
有人说广告在现代社会是很重要,有人认为广告的促销成分太多,你认为……3.“两者选一”观点的议论文模式
模式⑴:
A、B两者优劣势分析,要么选A,要么选B.
Somepeopleholdtheopinionthat(A)issuperiorto(B)inmanyways.Others,however,arguethat(B)ismuchbetter.Personally,Iwouldprefer(A)becauseIthink(A)hasmoreadvantages.Mainbody
TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefer(A).Themainreasonisthat…Anotherreasonisthat…(赞同A的原因)
Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,(A)ismuchbetterthan(B).fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat…(总结观点)例文:
Whichisbetter?
Carsorbikes?
Somepeopleholdtheopinionthatprivatecarsaresuperiortobicyclesinmanyways.Others,however,arguethatthebicycleismuchbetter.Personally,IwouldprefertheuseofcarsbecauseIthinkcarshavemoreadvantages.
TherearemanyreasonswhyIprefercars.Themainreasonisthatcarsbringconvenienceandmobilitytotheowners.What’smore,acarisfarmorecomfortabletotravelin,especiallyinthechangeableweather.Anotherreasonisthat,whenmorepeoplebuycars,theautomobileindustrywilldevelopmorequickly.Thegrowthoftheautomobileindustrycanmotivatetheriseofotherrelatedindustriessuchasironandsteelproduction.
Ofcourse,bicyclescantakeyoutoanywhereyoulikeintownanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.Besides,itisnotasexpensiveasacarandthereforeeveryfamilycanaffordtobuy.
Butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,carsaremuchbetterthanbicycles.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpeoplecanlivebetterwiththeuseofcars.模式⑵:
A、B优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择A或B.
Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetween(A)and(B)?
Beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.Mainbody
Itistruethat(选择A的优势之一).Itisalsotruethat(选择A的优势之二).But(选择A的劣势).
Though.(选择B的劣势),(选择B的优势之一).Furthermore,(选择B的优势之二).Conclusion
Therefore,ifyou…,youshouldchoose(A),butifyou…,youshouldchoose(B).(总结观点,提出建议)例文:
Listeningtotheradioorreadingthenewspapers?
Whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenlisteningtotheradioandreadingthenewspapers?
Beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.
Itistruethatlisteningtotheradioisquickandconvenient.Itisalsotruethatwecanlistentotheradiowhilearedoingsomethingelse.Sowecansavealotoftime.Butradioprogramshavetheirowntimeschedule.Youcannotgettheinformationyouneedeverytimeyouturnonyourradio.
Thoughnewspapersarenotasquickasradio,readingfromthenewspapercancertainlybringusnewsmoreclearlyandmoreexactly.Furthermore,whilereading,wehavetimetothinkaboutwhatwearereading,tojudgeit,toanalyzeit,andthenwewillbemoreawareofitscauseandeffect.
Wearelivinginaninformationage.Wehavetomakefulluseoftheinformationwecangetifwearetoachieveourgoals.
Therefore,ifwewanttogetthelatestnews,wecanlistentotheradio,butifwewanttogettheexactwords,we’dbetterreadthenewspaper.写作练习:
①健康与财富(HealthandWealth)
提示:
健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hottopic),请简述你的观点.
②哪里住更好(Wheretolive?
)
有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬.各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何?
参考文献:
1.OxfordEnglishforSeniorHighSchoolStudents(Shanghaiedition),OxfordUniversityPress,1996.
2.王长喜十二句作文法,王长喜,北京:
中国社会出版社,2003.7
3.英语高分指导.写作.高中卷,郭凤高,第二版,上海:
上海交通大学出版社,2004
4.高考英语作文直通车,曹越宇,上海:
上海社会科学院出版社,2003附录(Appendix):
一、写作常用逻辑衔接词
根据衔接词本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分为以下四类,即“起”“承”“转”“合”.
1.表示“起”的常用词语.用于开篇引出扩展句.
atfirst
atpresent
currently
first(ly)
inthebeginning
tobeginwith
firstofall
inthefirstplace
lately
tostartwith
now2.有关“承”的常用词语.用来承接上文,表递进.
After/afterthat/afterwards
Afterafewdays
Afterawhile
Also/too
Atanyrate
Atthesametime
Besides
Furthermore
Inaddition
Inadditionto
Infact
Inotherwords
Inparticular
particularly
Inthesameway
Incidentally
Indeed
Meanwhile
Moreover
Nodoubt
Obviously
Ofcourse3.有关“转”的常用词语.用来表示不同或相反的意思.
Afteralleventhough
Allthetimenevertheless
Anywaynoheless
Atthesametimestill
Converselyinfact
In/bycontrastasamatteroffact
Despiteespecially
Fortunatelyhowever
Inspiteofluckily
Though/althoughnodoubt
Onthecontraryotherwise
Unfortunatelyunlike
Whereasyet
4.有关“合”的常用词语.用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容.
Aboveallinsum
Accordinglyinsummary
Asaconsequenceonthewhole
Asaresulttherefore
Ashasbeennotedthus
AsIhavesaidtospeakfrankly
Atlasttosumup
Atlengthtosummarize
Brieflysurely
Bydoingsotoconclude
Consequentlynodoubt
Eventuallyundoubtedly
Finallydoubtless
Hencetruly
Inbriefso
Inconclusionobviously
Inshortcertainly
Allinall
高中英语议写作指导飞雪
尊敬的党组织:
在五四青年节到来之际,为发扬五四精神,增强青年党员、团员了解社会、服务社会的意识,南开大学外国语学院研究生团支部组织了十余名党、团员到南开大学老年大学进行社区服务实践。
我也积极参与了这一有意义的活动。
老年大学的老同志,他们年轻时为国为家奉献青春,年老时仍然精神抖擞,发挥余热继续学习。
这样的一群老前辈,让参加团组织活动的我们领略到一种老当益壮的风采。
老年大学的陈
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