学术英语写作总结Word下载.docx
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学术英语写作总结Word下载.docx
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(4)Avoidaddressingthereaderasyou(except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritinga
textbookorotherinstructionalmaterials).(避免向读者说“你”)
YoucanseetheresultsinTable1.
改为:
TheresultscanbeseeninTable1.
(5)Becarefulaboutusingdirectquestions.Insomefieldstheyarecommon,whilein
otherstheyarenot.(使用直接引语时需谨慎)
Whatcanbedonetolowercosts
Itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.
或者Wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.
(6)Placeadverbwithintheverb.(将副词放于动词词组内)
ThismodelwasdevelopedbyKrugmanoriginally.
ThismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbyKrugman.
(7)Considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives.(考虑是否该使用割裂不定式)
Weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.
(8)Aimforanefficientuseofwords.(目的是为了有效地使用词汇)
Therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersinthe
processoftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.
Someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreat
promise.
习题:
(1)Youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.
错误:
使用了you。
改为:
Thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.
(2)OK,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallenThere’realotof
possibilities.
使用了口语OK;
直接引语的使用;
使用了缩略词There’re。
Coffeepriceshavefallenformanyreasons.
(3)Youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigning
undergroundsubwaystationsclearly.
使用了you;
将副词clearly放在了句尾。
Thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningunderground
subwaystationcanclearlybeseen.
(4)Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsareusedcommonlyforprotection
duringafalltotheground.
将副词commonly放在了动词之后。
Recentresearchhasshownthatthearmsarecommonlyusedforprotection
(5)Sofar,therehasn’tbeenanycomprehensivestudylookingintotheroleof
smilingingettingtheinitialtrustofindividuals.
使用了Sofar;
使用了therebe结构;
使用了not...any结构;
使用了非正式的lookinginto。
Todate,nocomprehensivestudyhasexaminedtheroleofsmilingingainingtheinitialtrustofindividual.
(6)Therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedby
buildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.
副词widely位置放错。
Somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyused
thanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.
(7)Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:
Illinois,Iowa,Ohio,etc.
使用了etc。
Thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:
Illinois,
Iowa,Indiana,Ohio,Michigan,andMinnesota.
(8)Thereisn’tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregate
intheproductionofconcrete.
使用了not...verymuch。
Littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregateintheproductionofconcrete.
Chapter2TwoUnderlyingStructuresinAcademicWriting
(专业写作的两个基本结构)
1、Twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting:
(专业写作的两个基本结构)
(1)general-specificstructure(泛论-特指(GS)结构)
(2)problem-process-solutionstructure(问题-过程-解决方法)
2、GStextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:
(GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始)
(1)Ashortorextendeddefinition(简短或拓展定义)
(2)Acontrastiveorcomparativedefinition(对比或比较定义)
(3)Ageneralizationorpurposestatement(一般化或目标性陈述)
(4)Astatementoffact.(事实陈述)
3、Superordinate-categoryword:
technique,method,process,device,andsystem.
(超级坐标词)
4、Deletions(删除):
在下列情况下,你可以减少限制性关系代词
A.定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语
B.定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息
C.定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息
例题:
p23
(1).metalthatisoftenused—>
metaloftenused
(2).devicethatiscapableof—>
devicecapableof
(3).roofwhichisontopof—>
roofontopof
(4).precipitationwhichresultsfrom—>
precipitationresultingfrom
(5).Thissentencecannotbereduced.
(6).flutethatispitchedanoctavehigher--->
flutepitchedanoctave
higher
(7).aprocessthatinvolvestheselectivetransport—>
aprocess
involvingtheselectivetransport
(8).acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemass—>
a
celestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass
5、考题类型:
句子排序例题:
P27
6、ComparativeDefinitions(对比性定义)
(1)比较定义基本上有两类:
1)呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。
2)呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概念所做的一个全面性的评述。
7、Participle(分词)
P39
(1)Theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.
(2)Afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.
(3)First,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasany
imperfections.Itisthenheatedtoover600oCandcooledinastepknownasquenching.
8、词和词型的变换P23-P25
Chapter3DataCommentary(数据信息解读)
1、Inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeother
kindofnon-verbalillustration.(在许多学科中,数据信息都是以图表、图形、
数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。
)
2、StructureofDataCommentary(数据信息解读的基本结构)
A、Locationelementsand/orsummarystatements.(定位要素和/或总结陈述)
B、Highlightingstatements.(强调陈述内容)
C、Discussionsofimplications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,etc.(对
内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论)
3、Locationelementsandsummaries.(定位要素和总结)
A、StartingaDataCommentary.(开始数据解读)
B、PassivesinStartingaDataCommentary.(用在开始数据解读中的被动式)
C、VerbsinIndicativeandInformativesSummaries.(用在陈述性和信息性总结
中的动词)
D、LanguageFocus:
Linkingas-Clause.(语言聚焦:
连接词As引出的从句)
Chapter4SummaryandAbstractWriting(总结与摘要写作)
1、PrincipleRequirementsforagoodSummary(一份良好的任务总结具备四个主
要需求)
(1)Itshouldbefocusedontherelevantaspectsofthesourcetextortextsandpresent
acomprehensiveviewofallthemainpointsoftheoriginal.(它应聚焦于来源文
本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点)
(2)Itshouldpresentthesourcematerialinanaccurateandobjectivefashion.(它应以
精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料)
(3)Itshouldcondensethesourcematerialandbepresentedinthesummarywriter’s
ownwordsandavoidterminology.(它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的
文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语)
(4)Provideanindependentlyreferentialsummary,andkeepthelengthincontrol.(提
供完全独立的参阅性总结,并能控制其文章长度)
2、写作总结的基本步骤
(1)快速略读文本,脑中注意小标题。
若无小标题,试将文本分成几部分。
(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。
确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:
来
源文本类型
(3)读文本,标示重要的信息或者作笔记
(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。
每一部分尽量写出一个一句话
的总结。
(5)对每一个主要题目,写下关键的佐证点,但必要时也要包括小的细节。
(6)再次仔细检查这个过程,做些适当的变动。
3、BasicStructureofAbstractWriting(摘要写作的基本结构)
(1)Topicsentence(主题句)
(2)SupportingSentences(佐证句)
(3)ConcludingSentence(结论句)
4、P70-P72的例句,写作时会用得上。
5、SummaryandAbstract两个词要会写,以及知道两者的区别,其中summary
要分三段来写,abstract不分段。
PartIIBasalEnglishWriting(基础英语写作)
Chapter1Punctuation(标点符号)
1、Thecomma(逗号)
2、Theperiod(句号)
3、Thesemicolon(分号)
4、Thecolon(冒号)
5、Thequestionmark(问号)
6、Thequotationmark(引号)
7、Theexclamationmark(感叹号)
8、Thedash(破折号)
9、Italicsandunderlining(斜体字和下划线)
10、练习题:
P96-97
11、本节所有的例句都要仔细看※
Chapter2Vocabulary(词汇)
1、Levelsofdiction:
formalandinformal,abstract(抽象)andconcrete(具体),and
general(笼统)andspecific(特指).Italsoincludeshowtoappreciatethe
connotative(引申含义)aswellasdenotative(字面含义,本义)meaningsof
words.
2、Englishwordscanbecategorizedas(分为)formal,informalandcolloquial(口
语的).
3、练习题:
1/P102
4、练习题:
P109-P113
Chapter3EnglishSentenceWriting(英语句子写作)
1、Typesofsentences(句子的类型)P114
(1)Accordingtostructure(根据结构)
1 simplesentences(简单句)
2 compoundsentences(并列句:
a、逗号加并列连词b、分号,没有并列
连词c、分号,连接副词及其后加逗号)
3 complexsentences(复合句:
一个主句,一个或多个从句)
4 compound-complexsentences(并列复合句)
(2)Accordingtouse(根据功能)
1 declarativesentences(陈述句)
2 interrogativesentences(疑问句)
3 imperativesentences(祈使句)
4 exclamatorysentences(感叹句)
(3)Accordingtorhetoric(根据修辞)
1 loosesentences(松散句,主体部分放在前面)
2 periodicsentences(掉尾句,主体部分放在最后)※
3 balancedsentences(平行句)
4 longandshortsentences(长、短句)
2、练习题(P121)
(1)Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue.Heletmehaveitforonlyten
pounds.(Compound)
Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalue,soheletmehaveitforonly
tenpounds.(或者Hethoughtthepaintingwasoflittlevalueandhelet
mehaveitforonlytenpounds.)
(2)IalwaystakemyraincoatwheneverIgooutthesedays.(Periodic)
WheneverIgooutthesedays,Ialwaystakemyraincoat.
(3)Theywereonholiday.Theirhousewasbrokeninto.Somevaluablepaintings
werestolen.(Compound-complex)
Whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsome
valuablepaintingswerestolen.
(4)Thefiremenfoughtforthreehours.Theyfinallymanagedtoputoutthe
fire.(Complex)
Afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputout
thefire.
(5)Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect.Weallhavesomefaults.(Compound)
Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect;
weallhavesomefaults.(或者
Nobodyinthisworldisquiteperfect,forweallhavesomefaults.)
(6)Thetrai
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