大学生论文旅游发展外文文献.docx
- 文档编号:17677908
- 上传时间:2023-04-24
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:19
- 大小:27.18KB
大学生论文旅游发展外文文献.docx
《大学生论文旅游发展外文文献.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《大学生论文旅游发展外文文献.docx(19页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
大学生论文旅游发展外文文献
江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文(外文翻译原文)
MeasuringtheImpactofTourismuponUrbanEconomies:
AReviewofLiterature
KTHC–Knowledge,Technology,HumanCapital
UgoGasparino,ElenaBellini,BarbaraDelCorpoandWilliamMalizia
Abstract
Tourismisincreasinglyseenasapotentiallevertowardshigheconomicgrowth,measuredbothintermsofincomeandemployment.Inrecentyears,interestintourismhasspreadrapidlythroughoutmanysmallandmediumEuropeancities,whichpreviouslyhavenotconsideredthemselvesastouristdestinations.Thispaperreviewsandsummarizestheexistingliteratureontheeconomicassessmentoftourismwiththeobjectivesof,firstly,identifyingthemaincategoriesofimpactsand,secondly,constructinganinventoryof
methodologiesavailabletoassessthem.Wewillprogressstepbystep,startingfromthemostsimplisticapproachesandrelaxingassumptionsasweproceed.Firstly,weassumeastaticsetting,withsparecapacity.Insuchasetting(partialequilibrium),pricesdonotrespondtodemandshocks:
onlyquantities(production,incomeandjobs)adjust.Secondly,werelaxthisassumptionandassumethatthereisnosparecapacity:
pricesrespondtoincreasingdemand(generalequilibrium),leadingtoreallocationofresourcesacrosssectors.Wethenmovefromastatictoadynamicsettingandsurveythosecontributionsthatlookattherelationshipbetweentourismspecialisationandlong-rungrowth.
Keywords:
Tourism,EconomicImpacts,Input-OutputAnalysis,GeneralandPartialEquilibriumAnalysis
1Thepartialequilibriumanalysis
Partialequilibriumanalysisassumesthatthereissparecapacityunemployedresourcesandthat,asaconsequence,pricesdonotrespondtoincreasingdemand(perfectelasticsupply).Adjustmenttakesplaceonlythroughquantities(production,jobs,andthereforeincome).
Thebasicconceptofpartialequilibriumanalysisisthatof‘multiplieralthough,’asnoticedbyArcher,?
thereisperhapsmoremisunderstandingaboutmultiplieranalysisthanalmostanyotheraspectoftourismresearch?
(Archer,1982).Multipliersmeasurethepresenteconomicperformanceofthetourismindustryandtheeffectsofshort-runeconomicadjustmentstoachangeintheleveloftouristexpenditure.
Thedefinitionofmultiplier,intermsofKeynes,isunequivocal:
themultipliermeasurestheincreaseineconomicactivitygeneratedinaneconomybyaunitincreaseintourismexpenditure.Atourismincomemultiplierisacoefficientthatexpressestheamountofincome
1
江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文(外文翻译原文)
generatedinanareabyanadditionalunitoftouristspending:
forinstance,iftouristsspendanextraEUR1millionintheareaandthisgeneratesEUR800,000ofincome,theKeynesianmultiplieris0.81.However,alternativedefinitionsofmultiplierscanbefoundintourism
literature.Themostpopularoftheseistheuseof‘ratio’multiplier,whereforexamplethe
incomemultipliertendstobeexpressedastheratioofa‘total’incomegenerate
expenditure(seeSection1.1)tothe‘direct’income.Dependingonwhatismeantby
income,threetypesof‘ratio’multiplierscanbegenerated.
Despitethestrongassumptionsimplicitintheircalculation,multipliersarewidelyusedin
policy-making.Theyareusedtostudytheimpactoftourismonbusinessturnover,incomeandemploymentandcanbeusedtocomparetheimpactofincreaseddemandonothersectorsoftheeconomyordifferentpolicyoptions.
Inwhatfollows,wefirstlyintroducetheeconomicmeaningofmultipliers,analysinghowthetouristexpenditureripplesthroughtheeconomy.Secondly,wepresenttwowidelyusedmethodologiestocalculatemultipliers.Finally,webrieflydiscussandcomparesomeoftheempiricalresults.
2Theeconomicmeaningofmultipliers
Inthedestinationtouristsspendtheirmoneytobuycertaingoodsandservices.Thisinitialtouristexpenditureisgenerallydirectedtoveryspecificsectorsoftheeconomy(lodging,restaurant,amusement,retailtrade,transportation–whichwewillrefertoas
Althoughthecorrectmethodologywouldrequirethecalculationofthemultiplieratthemargin,itiscommonpractice(mainlybecauseofdatalimitation)tocalculateincomeeffectsintermsofaverage,ratherthanmarginal,tourismexpenditureandtoassumethatthereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenthem.Thisimpliesthattheeconomyhasavailablecapacitytomeetfuturedemand
Tourismindustriesandrepresentsadditionalrevenuesfortheseactivities.Thesearetheso-calleddirecteffects.
Partofthoserevenuesisusedtobuyintermediategoodsandservicesthatwillbeusedin
‘futureproductioncycles’(intermediatedemand).Aremainingpartwillbeusedtobuytheservicesofproductionfactors:
labour,capitalandland(wages,interestsandprofits,andrents
–grossvalueadded),topaytaxestocentralandlocalgovernments,orsaved.Inallcases,somemoneycouldgooutsidethearea,tointermediateproducersandproductionfactors
locatedoutsidethearea(i.e.,it‘leaks’outofthelocaleconomy).However,somewillremainwithinthearea:
localtourismindustrieswillhirenewlocal
2
江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文(外文翻译原文)
workers(payingabiggernumberofwages)anddemandadditionalgoodsfromlocalproducers.Asaresult,localoutputincreases,employmentopportunitiesincreaseandlocalincomerises(duetotheincreaseinthenumberofwages).Thesearetheso-calledindirecteffects.
Theincreaseinemploymentbringstoanincreaseinthetotalincomeoflocalresidents.Partofthisincomeissavedandpartisspentinconsumptiongoods.Thisinturngeneratesadditionaldemandwhich,asbefore,translatesintoadditionalproductionandemployment(andsoon).Thesearetheso-calledinducedeffects.Indirectandinducedeffectsareoftencalledsecondaryeffects.Theeffectoftourismonthelocaleconomyisinfluencedbyafewkeyfactors:
Thecharacteristicsandthespendingpatternsofthelocaltourists,affectingthedirectimpactontheeconomy.Essentialfeatureshereinclude:
Thereasonfortravel(touriststravellingforculturalreasonsspendmore/lessandputmore/lesspressureonnaturalandculturalresourcesthansun&beachtourists);
Thelengthofstay(touristsstayingforthedayarelikelytospendasmallershareoftotalexpenditureinlocallyproducedgoods);Theaccommodationchosen(hotelsaremoreexpensivethancampsites).
Thecharacteristicsofthetourismindustriesandofthelocaleconomy.Keyfeatureshereincludetheabilityoflocaleconomytosatisfythedemandoftourismindustries,aswellasthesizeandthesharesoftourismindustriesthatarelocallyowned.Theextentoftheindirecteffectsdependsonthesizeoftheareaunderstudy(e.g.,municipal,regional,national)andontheextenttowhichbusinessfirmsintheareasupplyeachotherwithgoodsandservices(themorelikelythemorediversifiedandinterlinkedisthelocaleconomy).Ingeneral,thesmallerthescaleoftheeconomyandthehighertheshareofinitialexpenditurethatleaksoutofthelocalarea,thefeweraretheselinkagesandthesmalleraretheindirecteffects.Moreover,themagnitudeofindirectandinducedeffectsdependsontheshareofcapital,landandlabourthatislocallyowned.Forinstance,smallfamily-ownedhotelsandrestaurantsaremorelikelytobuylocalintermediateinputsthanchainhotelsandtouristvillages.Iffactorsarelocallyowned,theirremunerations–profits,rentandwages–willstaylocallyandlocalcommunitywillstronglybenefitfromthem.
3.Direct,indirectandinducedbenefitsandeffectsontheeconomy
triggeredbytourist
SpendingSeveraltypesofmultiplierarecommonlyused:
3
江苏科技大学南徐学院本科毕业论文(外文翻译原文)
Sales(ortransactions)multiplierreferstotheeffectonbusinessturnover(valueofbusinessturnovercreatedbyaunitaryincreaseintourismexpenditure);Outputmultiplierreferstotheeffectonthelevelofoutputoftheeconomy.Withrespecttothesalesmultiplieritdoesnotonlytakeintoaccounttheimpactonturnoveroflocalbusinesses,butalsoanychangesinthelevelofstockstheyhold.Thiscanbeusefulinidentifyingpotentialsupplyshortfalls,orbottlenecks;Governmentrevenuemultiplierreferstotheeffectsongovernmentalrevenues
fromallsources(e.g.,directandindirecttaxation,duties,licensesandfees);Income
multiplierreferstotheeffectonincomes(salesnetofintermediateconsumption,includingwages,salariesandprofit).Thisiscommonlyregardedasthemostimportantindicatoroftheeconomicperformanceoftourismindustry.Incomemultipliersvarydependingonwhethertheyincludeornotincomesaccruingtononnationalsresidingintheregionunder
investigation,andwhethertheyincludeornotincomeaccruingtogovernments.Themultipliercanbemeasuredasdisposableincome–theincomeavailabletoindividualstospendorsave,whichisnetoftax–orvalueaddedincome–theincomewhichincludestaxandotherexpenditureswhicharedefinedaccordingtonationalincomeaccountingrules;Employmentmultiplierreferstotheeffectonemployment.Itisusuallyderivedfromthe
outputorincomemultipliers.Itcanbeexpressedastheratioofthenumberof‘total’additionaljobs(e.g.,directandindirectordirectandsecondary)toeitherthenumberofdirect
jobs(‘ratiomultiplier)’ortotheinitialtouristexpenditure(Keynesianmultiplier).
Employmentcanbemeasuredintermsoffulltimeequivalentjobs,ortheactualnumberofjobsincludingpart-timejobs.
SupposeadditionaltouristexpenditureofEUR1milliongeneratingEUR2.5millionofextraoutputandEUR500000ofdirectandsecondaryincome.Italsocreates200jobsdirectlyand
180secondarily.InKeynesiantermsthe
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 大学生 论文 旅游 发展 外文 文献