四川大学考博真题Word格式.docx
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四川大学考博真题Word格式.docx
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sreflectiontoconvinceusthatthisnaturalnessofspeechisbutanillusoryfeeling.Theprocessofacquiringspeechis,insoberfact,anutterlydifferentsortofthingfromtheprocessoflearningtowalk.Inthecaseofthelatterfunction,culture,inotherwords,thetraditionalbodyofsocialusage,isnotseriouslybroughtintoplay.Thechildisindividuallyequipped,bythecomplexsetoffactorsthatwetermbiologicalheredity,tomakealltheneededmuscularandnervousadjustmentsthatresultinwalking.Indeed,theveryconformationofthesemusclesandoftheappropriatepartsofthenervoussystemmaybesaidtobeprimarilyadaptedtothemovementsmadeinwalkingandinsimilaractivities.Inaveryrealsense,thenormalhumanbeingispredestinedtowalk,notbecausehiselderswillassisthimtolearntheart,butbecausehisorganismispreparedfrombirthtotakeonallthosemuscularadaptationsthatresultinwalking.Toputitconcisely,walkingisaninherent,biologicalfunctionofman.
Notsolanguage.Itisofcoursetruethatinacertainsensetheindividualispredestinedtotalk,butthatisdueentirelytothecircumstancethatheisborninthelapofasocietythatiscertaintoleadhimtoitstraditions.Eliminatesocietyandthereiseveryreasontobelievethathewilllearntowalk,if,indeed,hesurvivesatall.Butitisjustascertainthathewillneverlearntotalk,thatis,tocommunicateideasaccordingtothetraditionalsystemofaparticularsociety.Or,again,removethenew-bornindividualfromthesocialenvironmentintowhichhehascomeandtransplanthimtoanutterlyforeignone.Hewilldeveloptheartofwalkinginhisnewenvironmentverymuchashewouldhavedevelopeditintheold.Buthisspeechwillbecompletelyatvariancewiththespeechofhisnativeenvironment.Walkingthenisageneralhumanactivitythatvariesonlywithinarestrictedlimitaswepassfromindividualtoindividual.Itsvariabilityispurposeless.Speechisahumanactivitythatvarieswithoutassignablelimitaswepassfromsocialgrouptosocialgroup,theproductoflong-continuedsocialusage.Itvariesasallcreativeeffortvaries...notasconsciously,perhaps,butnonethelessastrulyasdothereligions,thebeliefs,thecustoms,andtheartsofdifferentpeoples.Walkingisanorganic,aninstinctive,function;
speechisanon-instinctive,acquired,“cultural”function.
1.ThefirstsentenceofParagraphTwo,"
Notsolanguage"
istheclosestinmeaningto()
[A]Thisisnotthecasewithlanguage
[B]Soislanguageandnetanythingelse
[C]Nosuchathingexistsinlanguage
[D]Notsomuchwithlanguage
2.Therealdifferencebetweentheabilitytowalkandtheabilitytotalkisthat().
[A]theformerislikebreathingwhilethelatterisnot
[B]theformerdoesnotrequiresocialinteractionwhilethelatterdoes
[C]theformerrequiresmuscularmovementwhilethelatterdoesnot
[D]theformerispredestinedwhilethelatterisnot
3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanideaoftheauthor?
()
[A]Languageisbiologicallyprogrammedbuthastobeacquiredlateron.
[B]Onlywhenachildgrowsupinacommunitycanhelearntotalk.
[C]Languageinteractionisawaytoimpartculture.
[D]Formaleducationisnecessaryforthelearningoflanguage.
4.Whentheauthorsaysthevariabilityofwalking"
ispurposeless"
hemeansthat().
[A]anypersonwhowalkswouldnothaveapurpose
[BIinallculturespeoplewalkaimlessly
[C]culturedoesaffectthewayspeoplewalk
[D]purposeinwalkingvarieswithone'
sability
5.Theauthorwrotethispassageinorderto().
[A]argueforapoint[B]provideinformation
[C]narratealegend[D]debatewithhisrivals
PassageTwo
TheobserverdoesnothavetolookfartodiscoverthatWesternsocietyisyouthorientedandyouthworshiping.Thephenomenonshowsitselfinmanyways.First,adultsdoalltheycantobeyouthfulandtoremainyoungbecauseoldageisfearedandyouthfulnessadmired.Beautyandcosmeticindustrieshavemadebillionsofdollarsbyencouragingthisemulationofagelessness.
Second,muchofwhatparentsdoisfortheiryoung.Thousandsofparentsmakedailysacrificesfortheirchildren.Thenumerousbenefitsheapeduponchildrenareevident.Manymotherssay:
"
Iwouldgivemylifeformychildren."
Thisfeelingdoesnotapplytoallparents,butitappliestoenoughofthemtobeproofpositivethattoday'
sadultscareabouttheiryoungpeople.
Third,mostadultssaythatthemajorityofyouthtodayare"
prettygoodkids."
Thispointofviewcanbefairlywellsubstantiated.Moststudiesthatfocusonnormaladolescentsagreethatthemajorityarenotproblems,notinturmoil,notdeeplydisturbed,notatthemercyoftheirimpulses,notresistanttoparentalvalues,notpoliticallyactive,andnotrebellious.InarecentGalluppoll,97percentofteenssaidtheygotalongwiththeirparentseitherverywellorfairlywell.Only3percentsaidtheydidnotgetalongatallwell.Sometimes,parentscarryapositiveviewoftheirteenagerstoanover-idealizedextreme.Theyrefusetobelievetheirchildrenareeveratfaultorevercapableofdoingwrong,andtheytendtoattackanyfriend,teacher,ortownofficialwhotriestotellthemotherwise.Despitethisover-idealizationmostyouthsarenotproblems---tothemselvesortotheircommunities.Misconceptionsareforagedbyfocusingonlyonthedrug-addicted,delinquent,anddisturbedoronthesocialrebelswhoareinfactaminority.
Finally,althoughmostyouthstodayarenotactivistrebelslikethoseofthelate1960sandearly1970s;
youthfulidealismisstillmuchinevidence.Adolescentsaremuchconcernedaboutsocialissuessuchasjuvenilecrime,drugabuse,theenergycrises,unemployment,women'
sliberation,materialismandindifferenceinsociety,pollution,andtheenvironment.Theyalsoshowgenuineconcernfortheunderdog,indicatedbytheirfrequentpoliticalalliancewithblacksorthepoor.Theywillgivegenerouslyandworkhardtohelpthestarvingoverseasorwillcometothedefenseofconvictedcriminalsiftheyfeeltheircauseisjust.Clergyandothercaringadultsapplaudyouthswhojointhe"
love"
generationtofindmoremeaningfulrelationshipsthanthosebetweentheirparentsathomeorbetweenbusinesselementsinahighlycompetitivesociety.Theseadults-emphasizethatparentsoughtnottobecriticaloftheiryoungforhatingcorruption,injustice,orsuperficialvalues.Althoughtheyarealittleawedbyyouthswhowillworkformonthstokeepawildernessareafrombeingminedbydevelopers,value-orientedadultstellparentstoadmiretheirYoungandadmitthattheiractivitiesaremoreworthwhilethanswallowinggoldfishorseeinghowmanykidscancrowdthemselvesintoatelephonebooth.
6.By"
youthworshiping"
theauthorexpressedtheideathatinWesternsocietytheadults
[A]worshiptheyoungpeople[B]areallreligiousbelievers
[C]desiretostayyoung[D]worshipGodliketheyouth
7.Accordingtothepassage,teenagersinWesternsocietyare.
[A]unmotivatedstudentsinschools
[B]sympatheticwiththeunfortunate
[C]highlycompetitiveonthejobmarket
[D]equippedwithallkindsofvalues
8.AllofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageEXCEPTthat.
[A]youngpeoplearemoreactivethanadultsinprotectingtheirenvironment
[B]amajorityoffamiliesliveinpeaceandharmony
[C]adultsusedtobelievethatadolescentsarerebellious
[D]itisnotrightforadultstocriticizetheyouths
9.Whichofthefollowingisthebestparaphraseoftheideaofthelastsentenceofthepassage?
[A]Youthsmaygotoofarintheirsocialactivities,butthat'
s'
betterthantheirdoingmischievousthingsorwastingtheirtime.
[B]Youthsmayopposedevelopment,andthat'
sworthwhilebecausegoldfishandtelephonebootharefarlessimportant.
[C]Youthsareenvironmentprotectionists,buttheymayalsocausedamagetowildlifeortopublicproperties.
[D]Youthsstaytoolonginwilderness,sincetheylovethingsinnatureinsteadofgoldfishortelephoneboothsinmodemcities.
10.Mostlikely,theauthorofthispassageis.
[A]asociologist[B]alovingparent
[C]apoliticalofficial[D]aclergyman
PassageThree
Crocodilesareincrediblystrong,agileandaggressive.Theyaremercilesskillersandit'
stheirnaturetobebrutal.Theyareestimatedtokillupto200peopleperyearinAfricaandtheycaneatuptohalftheirbodyweightinonemeal.ThisiswhyinBurkinaFaso,thelakesideBazoulevillageisfamousforitsuniquetradition.
Formanygenerationsthevillagershavelivedharmoniouslywithabout200wildcrocodiles.Crocodileshaveremainedthesameforover200millionyears.Theyarefearedandavoidedbyhumansandanimalsalike.ButthepeopleofBazoulereverethesacredcrocodilesinthelake.ThisuniquetraditionstartedmanygenerationsagoatatimewhenthepeopleofBazoulewerefacingagreatdroughtandtherewasnowater.Womenusedtowalk40kilometerssearchingforwater.Thecrocodileslivedapartandhencetherewasnoco-habitationbetweenthecrocodilesandthepeopleofBazoule.
Legendsaysthatonedaythewomenwerepassingclosetothecrocodilesandonewomanattemptedtocollectwaterinthelakeandthecrocodileletherfetchwaterwithoutatta
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