交际教学法及其在初中英语听说教学中的运用Word下载.docx
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交际教学法及其在初中英语听说教学中的运用Word下载.docx
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Traditionally,EnglishteachinginmiddleschoolsinChinahasbeendominatedbyteacher-centeredmode.Theteacherseldomasksstudentsanyquestionsormakesanycommunicationwiththem.Asaresult,itbringsthestudentspoorabilitiesandskillsoflisteningandspeaking.AfterstudyingEnglishforseveralyears,studentsremainatalosswhentheyhavetoexpressthemselvesinEnglish.EvenfortheEnglishmajorstudents,listeningcomprehensionisreallyaweaknessintheprofessionalexamination,letalonetheEnglishspeaking.
Inordertochangethissituation,sinceearly80soflastcentury,EnglishteachersinChinahavebeentryingtoimproveteachingmethod.Unfortunately,somephenomenaindicatethattheeffectofCLTisnotassatisfactoryaspeopleexpected.TherearesomedifficultiesinapplyingCLTinmiddleschoolinChina.
Thispaperattemptstoclarifycertainissuesfromtheperspectiveofapplyingthecommunicativeapproachanditsimplementationinteachinglisteningandspeakingformiddleschoolstudents,analyzethefactorswhichimpedetheeffects.Andtherelevantinformationanddataareallfromthepersonaleducationalpracticeandreallygetintouchwiththejuniormiddleschoolstudents.ThenaccordingtosomebasictheoriesofCLTwhichareclarifiedinthepaper,thewriterputsforwardsomesuggestionsforCLT’sapplicationinmiddleschool,suchasmultiplerolesofateacher,interactionbetweenteachersandstudents,stimulatingstudents’communicativemotivations,advantagesofcommunicatingforlisteningandspeaking.
1.1TheDefinitionoftheCommunicativeApproach
CommunicativeapproachisalsobenamedasFunctionalapproachorNotionalapproach.ItisformedbythetheoryofthelinguisticsHymesandHallidayduringtheyearof1960s.Itisoneoftheinfluentialforeignlanguageteachingschoolfromallaroundtheworld.Accordingtotheirtheory:
thegoaloflanguageteachingistotraintheabilityofthestudenttocommunicateinthetargetlanguage.Itisnotonlyincludingthestructureofthelanguage,butalsothecommonsentenceswhichisusedtoexpressvarietieskindsofconceptionandfunction.TheCommunicativeapproachfocusontrainingthelanguageabilitiesofthestudents,teachingthemtousethetrulyandauthenticlanguagematerials,combiningthesentencespatternswiththesituationsinlearningthelanguageandencouragingthestudentstocontactandusetheforeignlanguages.
Communicativeapproachisnotasingleandsettledteachingmethod.Thecorecontentofitisusinglanguagetolearnandlearningtouselanguage.Neitherthesimplelearninglanguagenorthelearningaboutlanguageistheessenceoftheapproach.Thefinalpurposeofteachingistomakethestudentstoobtainadequatecommunicationskills.Sothat,mostofthestudentscouldcommunicatewitheachotheroptionallyandfluentlyundertheclassroomcondition.Itisapracticalwaytograsptheforeignlanguageknowledgeandthecommunicationabilitybylistening,speaking,readingandwriting.
1.2NineFeaturesoftheCommunicativeApproach
Accordingtotheexperts,thetheoreticalframeworkforcommunicativecompetencebasicallyincludesfourareasofknowledgeandskills:
grammaticalcompetence,sociolinguisticcompetence,discoursecompetenceandstrategiccompetence.However,inprocessofthelanguageteaching,thereareninefeaturesexpressthedetailandtheessencesoftheCommunicativeapproach:
1)Focusingontheaimoftrainingthefunctionofcommunication.Declaringtheteachingobjectivesofthesecondlanguageteachingistotrainthecommunicativeabilitybyusingthelanguagecreatively.Itisnotonlyemphasizetheaccuracy,butalsotheappropriatenessofusinglanguage.
2)Insistonthefeatureideas.Accordingtotheactualdemandsandchoosingthenaturallanguagematerials,withoutusingthetreated“textbooklanguage”.
3)Tomakethecommunicativeteachingapproach.Communicationisboththepurposeandthemeasuresofthestudy.Creatingthenearlyauthenticcommunicativeconditionsandcombiningthegroupactivitiesinteachingprocess.Trainingtheabilityofusinglanguagebydoinglanguagecommunicativeactivities,whichshouldincludetheclassactivitiesandtheextracurricularactivities.
4)Tomaketheutteranceasthebasicunit.Justasmostofthelinguisticsmentioned,languageisnotexistinisolatedphrasesorsentences.However,languageusuallyappearsinthecoherentutterances.
5)Tomakethestudentsinthecircumstancesandfeelthelanguagesituation.
6)Combiningtheindividualskillstrainingwiththecomprehensiveskillstraining,inordertoreachthegoalofusinglanguageflexiblyincommunication.
1.3TwoPrinciplesoftheCommunicativeApproach
ThegoaloftheCommunicativeApproachistohelpstudentstobecomecommunicativelycompetent.Communicativecompetentinvolvesbeingabletocommunicateappropriatelyindifferentcontexts.However,thiskindofcanonlybegraspedgraduallyintheauthenticcommunicativeactivities.Asfarasallthestudentsknow,theauthenticcommunicativeconditionscouldpromotethespeedoflanguagelearningandthesensationtotheforeignlanguage.SothebasicrequirementstotheEnglishteachingclassistryingtobemoreauthentic.Itisbetterfortheteacherstochangetheirrolesintheclass,tobeaparticipatorratherthantheleader.Andthebasictwoprinciplesasfollows:
1)Communicationprinciples-theactualcommunicationsituationcouldenhancetheeffectoflearning
2)Taskprinciples-tofinishlearninglanguagebylanguagecommunication
2.Theadvantagesofcommunicativeapproachinteachinglisteningandspeaking
Withtherapiddevelopmentofthesocialandeconomiclife,asaresultofglobalizationofinformationtechnology,China’sreformandopening-uppolicyprocessisaccelerating.Languageisameansofcommunication.Althoughitisnottheonlyformofcommunicationamonghumanbeings,itiscertainlythemostimportant.Englishteachingistoteachthestudentshowtocommunicatewitheachother,totrainthestudents’goodandcompletelanguageability-toexpresstheirideascorrectlyandtoeasilyadjustthemselvestoeverykindofsocialsituation.Englishteachingisacaseinpoint.ThispaperistodiscusssomeproblemsofpresentEnglishteachingapproach,tostatetheprinciplesandadvantagesofcommunicativeapproach,andtogivesomeadviceonhowtomaketheEnglishclassmorecommunicativeandimprovethestudents’abilityoflisteningandspeaking.
2.1Tocreatenewcircumstancesanddevelopactiveatmosphere
Howtouseaforeignlanguagetocommunicatebecomesabasicrequirementforqualityofthestudentsinthe21stcentury.SothatitisquiteimportantthatagoodlanguagelearningenvironmentforstudentstolearnEnglish,whichbecausetheultimategoalofteachingEnglishisnottoinformourstudentsaboutthelanguagebuttodeveloptheirabilitiestousethelanguageforvariouscommunicativepurposesinvarioussituations.
Howtocreateanewcircumstance?
Generallyspeaking,thenewcircumstanceisseemedasaclasswhichhascommunicativeactivitythatbothteachersandlearnersshouldtakepartin.Studentsareborntobeinterestedinplayinggamesnaturally(M.Buckby,1979,P.132).Gamesarefunandcolorfulenoughtomakeclassesinteresting.Thosecharacteristicsprovideanenjoyableandrelatinggamesareessentialtosuccessfullearning,gamesshouldbeenjoyableinwhichstudentslearnquickerwiththehelpofvariousgames,surelytheywilllearnalotwhileplayingwiththeirfellows.Thelearnersdonotfeelanypressureoflearninginarelaxingatmosphere.Andallofthemarewillingtoparticipatein.EspeciallyinmiddleschooloralEnglishteaching,gamescanplayaveryimportantrole.Gameisthemosteffectivemeanstoenliventheclassroomatmosphere,andarousethestudents’interestoflearning;
inaddition,gamecanmakethemallconcentratedonwhattheyarelearningcarefully.Then,studentswillgetdeeperimpressionofwhattheyhavelearnedandgetlongermemoryoftheknowledge.
2.2Tostimulatestudents’interestsandincreasestudents’thirstforknowledge.
AsfarasIofthisthesisisconcerned,therearethreemaintheoreticalfoundationsthatarerelevanttotheresearchonapplicationofcommunicativeapproachinEnglishteaching,suchasthesituationalteachingmethod,theconversationalteachingmethodaswellasthetask-basedlanguageteachingmethod.
SituationalTeachingMethod.Intheteachingprocess,teacherspurposefullyintroduceorcreatecertainspecificsceneswithemotionalcolorsandvividimagessoastoarousestudents’attitudeexperienceandhelpstudentstounderstandtheteachingmaterials.Bytakingthisteachingmethod,thepsychologicalfunctionsofstudents’canbedevelopedeasily.
ConversationalTeachingMethod.Intheimplementingprocess,teachersshouldmakefullpreparationstosettheproperdialogueandconversationtopicaswellasestablishaharmoniousdiscussionsituationforstudents.Besides,ifwewanttoenhancethequalityofthecommunication,variousformsofdialogueshouldbecarriedout,andtheconstructiveevaluationsystemshouldbetaken.Onlywhenthecooperativeconsciousnessbeingformedwillstudentsgettoknowhowtolearneffectively.
Task-basedLanguageTeachingMethod.Intheprocessoffulfillingthe
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