标识与符号物的人类学研究Anthropological study of signs and symbolsobjects文档格式.docx
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标识与符号物的人类学研究Anthropological study of signs and symbolsobjects文档格式.docx
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Keywords:
object;
logo;
symbol;
Technology
[author]WuXingzhi,lecturerofYunnanUniversityofNationalities,doctoralcandidateofXiamenUniversity.Kunming,650031
[CLCnumber]C912.4[documentidentificationcode]A[articlenumber]1004-454X(2010)01-0039-006
Identifications,and,Symbols:
Object,of,Anthropological,Research
WuXingzhi
Theobjects,asananthropologicalobjectofstudy,beganinSocialDarwinismasasocialdevelopmentphaseofanalyzingtheidentityoftheorderofsocialevolutionsequence.Sincethenbecauseofthedifferentschoolsofthoughtarguesthattheanalysisofneeds,materialandphysicalpropertiesoftheirrespectiveinterpretationoftheunderlyingsocialrelationsandculturalmetaphors.Thisarticleisfromthematerialsymbolsofsocialevolutionandtheperspectiveoftheanthropologicalresearchonthegenealogyofthingstosortout,andgetdiscussionsofhumanScienceSchoolintheobjecttostudytheobjectofthemethodologyandepistemology.
Key,words:
Object,Identification,Symbol,Technology
Anthropologyhasgenerallygonethroughthestudyofmatterandmaterialculture:
(1)thestudyoftheexistenceofconcretethings.Thatmatterandmaterialcultureitselfhasthelogicandvaluecannotbereplaced,butfromanindependentresearchfield;
(2)forthemediumofexchange,theexchangebehindpeoplebetweensocietyandsocialbetweenobjects,people,societyandculturesystemtostudy;
(3)studyontheclassificationandsymboloftheculture,byclassificationsymbolandsymbolicobjects,whichcanrevealthemeaningandculturalorderandknowledgeclassification;
(4)tostudythenatureofmindandtheviewonpeople.Takingtheobjectasthebreakthroughpointofthestudy,throughhistorical,socialandculturalcontext,toexplorethesociallifeandthenaturebehindit,howcanpeopleexpressthemselvesandemotionsthroughtheinteractionofsubjectandobject?
.Shareasthetraditionalanthropologicalfield,differentschoolsforthemedia,analyzethelanguageinterpretationoftheobjectfromdifferentangles,theoreticalframeworkandresearchparadigmtoconstructtheirschool.
I.asasymbolofsocialevolution
Earlyanthropologicalresearchonthematter,mainlyforthetool,classicalevolutiontheoryemphasizesthesequenceofhumansocietydevelopmenttime,communicationtheoryemphasizesthesimilardistributionofculturalspace,historicalschoolcultureismoreuseofculturalareaforarchaeologicalrelicsandartifactsofthesortthattherelationshipbetweenthevariousculturalforms.
Intheclassificationofancientsocieties,archaeologicalanthropologyhabituallyadoptedsuchclassificationsasthestoneage(StoneAge),theBronzeAge(BronzeAge)andtheironage(IronAge)(C.,J.,Thomsen:
1836).Thislinearclassificationis20yearsaheadofDarwin'
stheoryofevolution.Thestoneageisdividedintotheoldstoneage(OldStoneAge),theMiddleStoneAge(MiddleStoneAge)andtheNewStoneAge(NewStoneAge).Now,theacademiccirclesusetheNeolithicageasalandmarkofPrehistory(nowordhistory).Inthefieldofarchaeology,themainsymboloftheNeolithicAgeofthree:
1,fromthegeologicalpointofview,itishumanandtheHolocene(Holocene)ismostcloseto.2,technically,stonetoolsaremanufacturedbygrinding.3,economically,theemergenceoffarminganddomesticationofdomesticanimals.Thecognitionandclassificationoflinearevolutioninfactfortheearlysignshadalreadyappearedasearlyasinancientcivilizationoftheworld,inancientGreeceasanexample,thegoldenageofthesilveragedivision-BronzeAgeandironagebelongtothiskindoflinearhistory.Allthisshowsthatoneoftheprinciplesofancienthumancognitionofsocietyandnatureisthedivisionofthings.
Inthehistoryofanthropology,
Morgantofire,bow,potteryandironasasymbolofthehumandevelopmentprocessincludesthreephases:
savagery-barbarismandcivilizationstage.Differentstageswithdifferenttoolsformaterialidentification,theignorant,barbarismisdividedintolow/middle/highschoolperiod,suchasthelowerstageofhumanignorancetofruitsandnutsforfood;
theintermediatestageofhumanignorancestartedeatingfishandtheuseoffire;
advancedstageofhumaninventionandusethearrowsofignorance.Thelowerbarbarism,withtheinventionofpotteryasasymbolofmankind;
intermediatebarbarism,theeasternhemispherebegananimaldomestication,theWesternHemispherebeganplantingcornandirrigationmethodusingadobeandstonebuilding;
advancedbarbarism,mankindinventedequitationandbegantheuseofiron.Themarkofcivilizationbeganwiththeinventionanduseofwriting.Studyonthehorizonshareearlyevolutionist,materialandtechnologyisthebasisoftheconstructionofhumansocialandculturaldevelopmentofthemacronarrativemodeofsocialdevelopment,itsadvocacyofsingleandstraight,althoughbylatercriticismofeachschool,butasawayofsocialcognition,haveaprofoundimpactonthedevelopmentofhumansocietythesubject,especiallyonMarx'
ssocialtheory.Thefirstcriticismoftheclassicalevolutionaryschoolwastheschoolofcommunication,whicharguedthatthetheoryofevolutioncouldnotexplainthesimilarityofculturesindifferentregions.Theybelievethatthesimilaritiesbetweenculturesandartifactsindifferentregionslieinthecommunicationandborrowingofpeopleduringtheprocessofcommunication.GreyBona(FritzGraebner)accordingtodifferentobjectsandtools,productionmode,culturalcharacteristicswillbedividedinto8regionsofAustraliaandOceaniaculturalcircle,suchasDongbanotsubcultureinclude:
plantingtuberplants,agriculture,fisheries,theuseoffixednetworkboardsystemofsmallboats,twosideslopecoverhousing,spiraltypepreparationtheheavy,woodenbaskets,woodencluborthepreparationofshieldandsecretassociation,malemakeupdance,soulworship,themoonmyth,signaldrums,etc.pipegroup.Sharethesubstanceandculture,theschoolofcommunicationindifferentculturalcircletool.Boas(FranzBoas)basedonthespecificdistributionofmaterialculture,inthemuseumexhibitondisplayintheconceptofCulturalDistrict,andtheconceptofstrictcontrolinthephysicalandculturalrelicsclassificationcategorytouse.Buttheshareofhisdisciplestoinheritanddeveloptheculturearea,withClarkWhistler(ClarkWissler)synthesizer,he(foodregions)accordingtothefoodandotherfactorstoculturalregiondivision.Suchas:
heproposedreindeer(Caribon),withtheEskimoculturezone,bison(Bison)beltisplainIndianculturearea,salmon(Salmon)beltistheNorthPacificcoastandmesaIndianculturearea.Share.
Anewevolutionaryrisein1950s,andfromtheangleofecologicaltechnologyandsocialdevelopment,technologysystemandtherelationshipbetweenenergyandenvironmenthasbecometheresearchfocus.White(White.LeslieA)technicaldeterminismenergyintotheresearchfieldofanthropology,toexploretheproblemsofhumanandenvironmentandthedevelopmentofhumansociety,Whitebelievesthatthecultureisdividedintofourparts,includingtechnology,society,ideasandattitudes,whichincludestechnicaltools,meansoflivelihood,defenseandmaintenanceequipment.Sharethetechnologyitselfisoneofthematerial.SharetheWhiteenergytoexplaintheoccurrenceanddevelopmentofculturalpowerandprocess.Energy,asthecoreofculturalecology,notonlyprovidesabreakthroughpointtounderstandmanandnature,butalsobecomesamethodofmaterialanalysis.Whitebelievesthatthedevelopmentofhumanculturehasonitsownenergy,suchashuntingandgathering,totallydependentonhumanenergy,humansocietyintheprimitivestage;
solarenergyutilizationstage,throughthecultivationofcerealsanddomesticatedlivestock,humancanbeusedtoconvertsolarenergyintoenergy,humansocietyintheancientcivilizationstage;
stageofpowerrevolution.Humanbeingshavecoal,oilandnaturalgasresourcesundergroundasasourceofenergy,humansocietyinthemodernindustrialcountries;
nuclearpowerstage.Whiteisthecarrierofenergy,thatremainunchangedinotherfactors,thedegreeofculturaldevelopmentandefficiencyintheuseoftoolsisproportionaltothesharewhichmakesthestudyofevolutionwithquantitativeanalysisperspective.Basedonthetheoryofmultilineevolution,heexploredtherelationshipbetweencultureandmaterialenvironmentfromtheperspectiveofholistic(view).Culturalecologyistostudythecultureofthenaturalenvironmentanddebuggingarrangementsgenerallyincludesthreesteps:
oneistheanalysisoftherelationshipbetweenproductiontechnologyandenvironment,butwithaspecialtechnologytodevelopaspecificarearelatedtothepatternofbehavior;
thethreeistodeterminetheenvironmenttodevelopthedesiredbehaviormode,whateffecthowmuchofthecultureanditsassociated.Wehavethereforesharesimilarsocialtechnicalequipment,becauseofdifference
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