Theories Used in IS Research 整理版Word文件下载.docx
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whereasproductioncostsincludethecostsincurredfrom"
thephysicalorotherprimaryprocessesnecessarytocreateanddistributethegoodsorservicesbeingproduced
RonaldCoase(1937,1960),OliverWilliamson(1981,1985),Klein,Crawford,Alchian(1978)
Agencytheory
(Principal-AgentProblem)
Agencytheoryisdirectedattheubiquitousagencyrelationship,inwhichoneparty(theprincipal)delegatesworktoanother(theagent),whoperformsthatwork.Agencytheoryisconcernedwithresolvingtwoproblemsthatcanoccurinagencyrelationships.Thefirstistheagencyproblemthatariseswhen(a)thedesiresorgoalsoftheprincipalandagentconflictand(b)itisdifficultorexpensivefortheprincipaltoverifywhattheagentisactuallydoing.Theproblemhereisthattheprincipalcannotverifythattheagenthasbehavedappropriately.Thesecondistheproblemofrisksharingthatariseswhentheprincipalandagenthavedifferentattitudestowardsrisk.Theproblemhereisthattheprincipalandtheagentmaypreferdifferentactionsbecauseofthedifferentriskpreferences.
Ineconomics,theprincipal-agentproblemtreatsthedifficultiesthatariseunderconditionsofincompleteandasymmetricinformationwhenaprincipalhiresanagent.Variousmechanismsmaybeusedtotrytoaligntheinterestsoftheagentwiththoseoftheprincipal,suchaspiecerates/commissions,profitsharing,efficiencywages,theagentpostingabond,orfearoffiring.
lchianandDemsetz(1972),Eisenhardt(1985,1989),JensenandMekling(1976)
Realoptionstheory?
Anfinancial'
option'
isaright,butnotanobligation,tomakeaninvestmentdecision.Arealoptionistheright,butnottheobligation,toundertakesomebusinessdecision,typicallytheoptiontomakeacapitalinvestment.Realoptionscapturethevalueofmanagerialflexibilitytoadaptdecisionsinresponsetounexpectedmarketdevelopments.Therealoptionsmethodappliesfinancialoptionstheorytoquantifythevalueofmanagementflexibilityinaworldofuncertainty.Therealoptionsmethodrepresentsthenewstate-of-the-arttechniqueforthevaluationandmanagementofstrategicinvestments.Therearefivetypesofrealoptions:
Waiting-to-Investoption,Growthoption,Flexibilityoption,ExitoptionandLearningoption
FischerBlackandMyronScholes(1973),
Luehrman,T.(1998)
Amram,M.andKulatilaka,N.(1999).
Prospecttheory
Prospecttheoryisutilizedtomakedecisionsthatinvolverisksorgambles.Itwasdevelopedin1979asasolutiontotheshortfallsandcontradictionsthatwerefoundinexpectedutilitytheoryincertainsituations.Oneofthemostsignificantaspectsofprospecttheoryisthesuggestionthatindividualsavoidriskwhentheyperceivetheircurrentprospectsorsituationtobepositive(againdecisiondomain),andindividualsseekriskwhentheyperceivethecurrentprospectsorsituationtobenegative(alossdecisiondomain).Additionally,thetheoryshowsthatindividualsmakedecisionsbasedonshiftsinwealthversustotalwealthitself.Thisshiftinwealthbecomesthereferencepointfromwhereanynewdecisionsaremade.Inprospecttheory,riskydecisions(prospects)aresegregatedintotwophases:
editingandevaluation.Twoindicesthatareusedinthiscomparisonoftheprospects:
theutility(orvalue)functionandthedecisionweightingfunction.
DanielKahnemanandAmosTversky1979
Portfoliotheory
Theportfoliotheoryisaboutmaximizethebenefitsofinvestmentsconsideringriskandreturn.Theinvestorisconcernedonlywiththeexpectedvaluesofsecuritiesandtheinterestedintheexpectedvalueoftheportfolio.
Markowitz(1952);
McFarlan(1981);
TurnerandLucas(1985)
Lemonmarkettheory
ThistheoryisputforwardbyGeorgeAkerlofin1970,whichisabouttheconsequencesofinformationasymmetry.Inmarketswhereitisimpossibletoassesthequalityofaproduct/service,where,sotosaytheselleroftheproducthasmoreinformationthanthebuyer,themarketwillgraduallydeteriorateandmaybeeveneventuallydisappearaltogether.
GeorgeArthurAkerlof
Gametheory
Gametheoryisabranchofappliedmathematicsthatusesmodelstostudyinteractionswithformalizedincentivestructures("
games"
).gametheorystudieschoiceofoptimalbehaviorwhencostsandbenefitsofeachoptionarenotfixed,butdependuponthechoicesofotherindividuals
JohnvonNeumann,OscarMorgenstern(1944)
2、管理学理论
SERVQUAL
SSERVQUALisamulti-itemscaledevelopedtoassesscustomerperceptionsofservicequalityinserviceandretailbusinesses.Thescaledecomposesthenotionofservicequalityintofiveconstructsasfollows:
Tangibles,Reliability,Responsiveness,Assurance,Empathy.SERVQUALrepresentsservicequalityasthediscrepancybetweenacustomer'
sexpectationsforaserviceofferingandthecustomer'
sperceptionsoftheservicereceived,requiringrespondentstoanswerquestionsaboutboththeirexpectationsandtheirperceptions
Parasuramanet.al.(1985,1988,1991)
Expectationconfirmationtheory
ECTpositsthatexpectations,coupledwithperceivedperformance,leadtopost-purchasesatisfaction.Thiseffectismediatedthroughpositiveornegativedisconfirmationbetweenexpectationsandperformance.Ifaproductoutperformsexpectations(positivedisconfirmation)post-purchasesatisfactionwillresult.Ifaproductfallsshortofexpectations(negativedisconfirmation)theconsumerislikelytobedissatisfied.
OliverR.L,1977,1980
YieldShiftTheoryofSatisfaction
Satisfactionresponsesareafunctionofperceivedshiftsinyieldfortheactivegoalset.
fiveassumptionsandtwopropositions
Roberto.Briggs,BruceA.Reinig,andGert-JandeVreede
TheGarbageCantheory,
TheGarbageCantheory,ormodelattemptstoexplainsomeorganizationaldecision-makinganomalies.Inshort,problemsareuncoupledfromchoicesgivinganimageof"
rummagingaround"
insideagarbagecan.TheGarbageCantheoryallowsproblemstobeaddressedandchoicestobemade,butdoesnotnecessarilyfollowingarationalprocess.Poorlyunderstoodandaddressedproblemscandriftintoandoutofthegarbagecanprocess,dependingonthesituationandfactors.
MichaelD.Cohen,JamesG.March,JohanP.Olsen1972
Illusionofcontrol
Itwasdefinedasanexpectancyofapersonalsuccessprobabilitythatexceedstheobjectiveprobabilityoftheoutcome.Itisatypeofoverconfidence.otherthanskill-relatedcuesmaycreateanillusionofcontrol,Outcomesequence,foreknowledge,andthedegreeofcorrespondencebetweenthenormativesolutionandtheencouragedsolutionoftheproblemframealsoincreaseindividuals'
perceivedcontroloveratask'
soutcome,resultinginanunrealisticexpectationoftheprobabilityofsuccess.
EllenLanger(1975)
Theoryofadministrativebehavior
Thetheoryofadministrativebehaviourisagenerictermusedtodescribetheprocessbywhichpeoplewithinorganizationswork.Forexample,Simon(1976)clarifiedtheprocessesbywhichgoalspecificityandformalizationcontributetorationalbehaviorinorganizations.HecriticizesFayol'
splatitudesandTaylor'
s"
economicman"
assumptions,proposingthe"
administrativeman"
whopursueshisself-interestsbutoftendoesn'
tknowwhattheyare,isawareofonlysomeofthepossibledecisionalternatives,andiswillingtosettleforanadequatesolutionthancontinuelookingforanoptimalone.Twokeyconcepts,bothattributedtoSimon,arerelatedtothetheoryofadministrativebehavior:
boundedrationality.satisficing
Simon,Herbert(1957,1990).
Theoryofcompetitivestrategy
(Five-forcesmodel)
MichaelPorter'
s1979frameworkusesconceptsdevelopedinmicro-economicstoderive5forcesthatdeterminetheattractivenessofamarket.Theyconsistofthoseforcesclosetoacompanythataffectitsabilitytoserveitscustomersandmakeaprofit.Achangeinanyoftheforcesrequiresacompanytore-assessitsmarketplace.Fourforces--thebargainingpowerofcustomers,thebargainingpowerofsuppliers,thethreatofnewentrants,andthethreatofsubstituteproducts--combinewithothervariablestoinfluenceafifthforce,thelevelofcompetitioninanindustry.This5forcesanalysisisjustonepartofthecompletePorterstrategicsystem.Theotherelementsarestrategicgroups(alsocalledstrategicsets),thevaluechain,thegenericstrategiesofcostleadership,differentiation,andfocus,andthemarketpositioningstrategiesofvaluebased,needsbased,andaccessbasedmarketpositions.
Contingencytheory
Inageneralsense,contingencytheoriesareaclassofbehavioraltheorythatcontendthatthereisnoonebestwayoforganizing/leadingandthatanorganizational/leadershipstyle
thatiseffectiveinsomesituationsmaynotbesuccessfulinothers.Inotherwords:
Theoptimalorganization/leadershipstyleiscontingentuponvariousinternalandexternalconstraints.
FourimportantideasofContingencyTheoryare:
1.Thereisnouniversaloronebestwaytomanage2.Thedesignofanorganizationanditssubsystemsmust'
fit'
withtheenvironment3.Effectiveorganizationsnotonlyhaveaproper'
withtheenvironmentbutalsobetweenitssubsystems4.The
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