写作Chapter 5Word下载.docx
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写作Chapter 5Word下载.docx
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Therearetwomethodstogenerateideasorbrainstorm:
listingofideasandclustering.
Step2:
organizingideasandplanning
Step3:
gettingfeedback
Step4:
writingthefirstdraft(roughdraft)
Step5:
revising
Step6:
editing
Step7:
preparingthefinaldraft
3.Patternsofdevelopinganessay
Traditionally,essaywritinghasbeendividedintothefollowingfourpatternsofdevelopment:
narration,description,exposition,andargumentation.
3.1.Narration
Anarrationisastorythatdescribesasequenceoffictionalornon-fictionalevents.Anarrativecanalsobetoldbyacharacterwithinalargernarrative.
3.1.1.Stepsonhowtowritethenarrativeessay.
Decideonatopic.
Brainstormseveraldifferentwaysthenarrativecango.
Startwriting.
Rereadtheessay.
Editforgrammarandthetechnicalrulesofwriting.
Asksomeoneelsetoeditorreadoveryouressayforcontentandgrammar.
3.1.2.ElementsofNarration
Inorderforanarrationtobeinterestingandmeaningful,itmusthavethefollowingelements:
1.Emotion.
Writingisreallysuchhardworkthatpeopleoughtnottobotherwritingsomethingwithwhichtheyarenotemotionallyinvolved.
2.Action.
Somethinghappens,thatis,tensionincreasesandconflictintensifiesasvariouseventsoccur.
Theaction,however,whetheritisexteriorandvisibleorinteriorandinvisible,causesthesituationtochangesothatconditionsaredifferentattheendofthestoryfromthewaytheywereatthebeginning.
Thismovement,ordevelopment,isimportant.
3.Suspense.Eachpassagesuggeststhatsomethingisgoingtohappen
sothatthereadereagerlyanticipatestheoutcomeoftheseevents.
Tobuildsuspense,youplantseedsthathintatconflicts,problems,mysteries.
Youpromisethereaderthatyouwillshowtheplantsinbloomandallconflicts,problems,andmysteriessolvedattheendofthestory.
Suspenseisavitalelementinbuildingandretainingtheinterestofthereader.
4.Structureororder.
Eventsinreallifehappeninadefiniteorder—theorderoftimeorchronologicalorder,butindiscoveringmeaningintheeventsorinimposingameaningonthem,thewritermayneedtoarrangethemdifferentlyfromtheorderinwhichtheyoriginallyoccurred,andthewritermayuseflashback.
5.Pointorpurpose.
Thebeststorieshaveapurposeormeaningofsomekind.
Indeed,eventhosewrittenandtoldfortheirownsakes,oftenmakesomekindofstatementofhumanbeings,humanvalues,orsomeaspectoflife.
Togetthemostsatisfactionfromtheeffortthatgoesintowritinganarrative,selectanincidentinwhichyoucandiscoverameaningoraneventonwhichyoucanimposemeaning.
Sometimesthemeaningisanoverallimpressionorattitude.
Atothertimesitisanideathatcanbeexpressedinasinglesentence.
6.Pointofview.
Ineverynarrative,someone(orsomething)tellsthestory,andthisperson,animalorthingmarksthestorywithhisorherpersonalimprint.
Ifthestoryistoldinthefirst-person,youarenarratingeventsinthelifeofafictionalcharacterratherthanyours.Inthosecases,youhave“assumedapersona,”ortakenontheroleofanotherperson,muchasanactordoes.
Youthenspeakconsistentlyfromthatperson’spointofview—seeingthingsasheorsheseesthem,reactingasthatpersonwould,andevenusingthelanguageappropriateforthecharacter.
Sometimes,whenyouarereadingnarratives,itisdifficulttoseparatetheauthorfromthepersonaheorsheis“speakingthrough.”
Anotherpointofviewoftenusedinnarrationisthird-personnarrator.
Whentellingastoryfromthatpointofview,yourelateeventsasthoughyouwereanonlooker,andyouusethepronouns“he,”“she,”“it,”or“they.”
3.1.3.Tipsofwritinganarrative
Tip1:
Usinganemotiontostimulateanidea.
Tip2:
Concretepresentationinvolvesappropriateuseofdetails(sensorydetails,description,anddialogue).
Tip3:
Descriptioncanslowdownyourpace,sodonotdoitallthetimeinyourstory.
Inotherwords,youmay“show”and“tell”inturn.
Tip4:
Dialogueisusuallyveryeffective.
Tip5:
Paymoreattentiontotheintroductoryparagraphofthenarrative.Itshouldbeginwithgeneralinformation,bemorespecificinthemiddle,andendwithathesisstatement.Usuallythethesisstatementfocusesonthestoryortheevent.
LookattheintroductionoftheessayaboutRosaParks,andthinkabouthowtowritethethesisstatementforanarration.
3.2.Description
Thepurposeofdescriptionistore-createorvisuallypresentaperson,place,event,oractionsothatthereadermaypicturethatwhichisbeingdescribed.Descriptiveessaysarelucidexplanationsanddescriptions.Theyusesensorydetailstoappealtoreaders.Theyareusuallythepersonalexperienceofanindividualandameansofexpressingtheindividual’sattitudeandtemperament.Descriptiveessayscanbeaboutaperson,aplace,anexperience,anobjectandsoon.
Descriptionessaysfollowthesamegeneralstructureasdootheressays.Whenwritingadescriptiveessay,trytosticktothisstructure.Intheintroduction,tellthereaderwhatthefocusofyouressayisgoingtobeandwhataspectsoftheobjectyouwillbefocusingon.Inthebodyofthepaperdescribeplaces,peopleandeventsinvividmanner.Delveintothesubjectinasmuchdetailaspossible.Describethewholethingasyouhaveseenit.Usewordsthatappealtothesenses.Andintheconclusion,restatetheessenceofyourthesisandsummarizeyourthoughts.Writingadescriptiveessayisnotalwayseasy.Henceyoumayberequiredtodraftandredrafttillitturnsoutthewayyouwantitto.
Asyouwriteyourdescriptiveessay,thebestwaytocreateavividexperienceforyourreadersistofocusonthefivesenses:
sight,sound,smell,touchandtaste.
3.2.1.Sevenstepstodescriptivewriting
Step1.Readthetopicthoughtfullyandcarefully.
Step2.Avoidwritingastory.Eventhoughallnarrativeorstorytellingdependsondescriptiontosetasceneormood,whenwritingtodescribe,it’sbesttoavoidwritingastory.Sticktodescribing,makingthereadersfeelasiftheywereactuallyexperiencingthethingbeingdescribed.
Step3.Describeonlywhatisrelevanttohelpingdeveloptheunderlyingmessage.Recognisingwhattoincludeandwhattoleaveoutinapieceofdescriptivewritingisvitaltomakingiteffective.Effectivedescriptionisfinelydetailedbutverycarefullyfocused.Byincludingonlywhatisrelevant,effectivedescriptionaddsunityandcoherencetowriting.
Step4.Putyourreaderintotherightframeofmindtobecomeinvolvedinyourwriting.Interestandinvolvementarecentraltoagoodreaderresponse.Withoutityourwritingwillnotworkwell.It’simportanttouseyourdescriptiontocreate,developorassistamoodsuitedtoyoursubjectmatterortheme.
Step5.Describe“howyoufeltatthetime”-makethereaderfeelasiftheywere‘there’.Describewhatyousee,hear,taste,smell,andfeel.Youprobablydoneedadjectivestodothis,buttryhardtofindwordsthatdonotneedanadjectiveifyoucan.Chooseprecisevocabulary—thekindofwordsthatalmostcontaintheirowndescription—asthiswillbefarmoreinterestingtoread.Andusevividsimilesandmetaphorswhichhelptoetchanimageintoyourreader’simagination.
Step6.Avoidexcessiveorboringdescription.Ifyoudodescribeallofyournounswithextraadjectives,theeffectisactuallytoweakenthedescription.Itisbettertofollowtheadvicegivenaboveandchooseprecisevocabulary.Besides,whatstrengthensdescriptionagreatdealistouseafewbutcarefullychosenandvividsimilesandmetaphors.
Step7.Createaclearstructure.Aplannedstructureprovides“shape”toyourwritingandaddsenormouslytoitseffect.Aimtodescribeaspectsofasceneinaninterestingandlogicalorder,onethatseems“natural”toyourreader.Thismightmeanworkingfrominsidetooutside,fromthepasttothefuture,fromthegeneraltotheparticular,fromthesmalltothelarge,andsoon.
3.3.Exposition
Expositionisatypeoforalorwrittendiscoursethatisusedtoexplain,describe,giveinformationorinform.Thepurposeofexpositionistopresentbackground,completelyandfairly,andinformthereadersabouttheplot,character,setting,andthemeoftheessayorstory,ormotionpicture.Suchwritingisdiscoursedesignedtoconveyinformationorexplainwhatisdifficulttounderstand.Sinceclarityrequiresstrongorganization,expositionusuallyproceedsbytheorderlyanalysisofpartsandtheuseoffamiliarillustrationsoranalogies.
3.3.1.SomeExpositoryOrganizationalPatterns
Inordertogivemoreinformationaboutoralandwrittenexposition,eightdifferentexamplesofexpositoryorganizationalpatternsareprovided.Mostoftheseorganizationalpatternsareveryfamiliartoyou.
Pattern
Description
CueWords
Circumlocution
Depictsapatterninwhichthespeakerdiscussesatopic;
thendivertstodiscussarelatedbutdifferenttopic.
NarrativeInterspersion
Apatternorasub-patternimbeddedinotherpatternsinwhichthespeakerorwriterinterspersesanarrativewithintheexpo
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