WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS COMMONLY MISUSEDWord文档下载推荐.docx
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seeunderRule13.
∙Bid.Takestheinfinitivewithoutto.Thepasttenseisbade.
∙Case.TheConciseOxfordDictionarybeginsitsdefinitionofthisword:
"
instanceofathing'
soccurring;
usualstateofaffairs."
Inthesetwosenses,thewordisusuallyunnecessary.
Inmanycases,theroomswerepoorlyventilated.
Manyoftheroomswerepoorlyventilated.
Ithasrarelybeenthecasethatanymistakehasbeenmade.
Fewmistakeshavebeenmade.
∙SeeWood,SuggestionstoAuthors,pp.68-71,andQuiller-Couch,TheArtofWriting,pp.103-106.
∙Certainly.Usedindiscriminatelybysomespeakers,muchasothersusevery,tointensifyanyandeverystatement.Amannerismofthiskind,badinspeech,isevenworseinwriting.
∙Character.Oftensimplyredundant,usedfromamerehabitofwordiness.
Actsofahostilecharacter
Hostileacts
∙Claim,vb.Withobject-noun,meanslayclaimto.Maybeusedwithadependentclauseifthissenseisclearlyinvolved:
Heclaimedthathewasthesolesurvivingheir."
(Butevenhere,"
claimedtobe"
wouldbebetter.)Nottobeusedasasubstitutefordeclare,maintain,orcharge.
∙Compare.Tocomparetoistopointoutorimplyresemblances,betweenobjectsregardedasessentiallyofdifferentorder;
tocomparewithismainlytopointoutdifferences,betweenobjectsregardedasessentiallyofthesameorder.Thuslifehasbeencomparedtoapilgrimage,toadrama,toabattle;
CongressmaybecomparedwiththeBritishParliament.ParishasbeencomparedtoancientAthens;
itmaybecomparedwithmodernLondon.
∙Clever.Thiswordhasbeengreatlyoverused;
itisbestrestrictedtoingenuitydisplayedinsmallmatters.
∙Consider.Notfollowedbyaswhenitmeans,"
believetobe."
Iconsiderhimthoroughlycompetent."
Compare,"
ThelecturerconsideredCromwellfirstassoldierandsecondasadministrator,"
where"
considered"
means"
examined"
discussed."
∙Dependable.Aneedlesssubstituteforreliable,trustworthy.
∙Dueto.Incorrectlyusedforthrough,becauseof,orowingto,inadverbialphrases:
Helostthefirstgame,duetocarelessness."
Incorrectuserelatedaspredicateorasmodifiertoaparticularnoun:
ThisinventionisduetoEdison;
"
lossesduetopreventablefires."
∙Effect.Asnoun,meansresult;
asverb,meanstobringabout,accomplish(nottobeconfusedwithaffect,whichmeans"
toinfluence"
).
Asnoun,oftenlooselyusedinperfunctorywritingaboutfashions,music,painting,andotherarts:
anOrientaleffect;
effectsinpalegreen;
verydelicateeffects;
broadeffects;
subtleeffects;
acharmingeffectwasproducedby."
Thewriterwhohasadefinitemeaningtoexpresswillnottakerefugeinsuchvagueness.
∙Etc.Nottobeusedofpersons.Equivalenttoandtherest,andsoforth,andhencenottobeusedifoneofthesewouldbeinsufficient,thatis,ifthereaderwouldbeleftindoubtastoanyimportantparticulars.Leastopentoobjectionwhenitrepresentsthelasttermsofalistalreadygiveninfull,orimmaterialwordsattheendofaquotation.
Attheendofalistintroducedbysuchas,forexample,oranysimilarexpression,etc.isincorrect.
∙Fact.Usethiswordonlyofmattersofakindcapableofdirectverification,notofmattersofjudgment.Thataparticulareventhappenedonagivendate,thatleadmeltsatacertaintemperature,arefacts.ButsuchconclusionsasthatNapoleonwasthegreatestofmoderngenerals,orthattheclimateofCaliforniaisdelightful,howeverincontestabletheymaybe,arenotproperlyfacts.
Ontheformulathefactthat,seeunderRule13.
∙Factor.Ahackneyedword;
theexpressionsofwhichitformspartcanusuallybereplacedbysomethingmoredirectandidiomatic.
Hissuperiortrainingwasthegreatfactorinhiswinningthematch.
Hewonthematchbybeingbettertrained.
Heavyartilleryisbecominganincreasinglyimportantfactorindecidingbattles.
Heavyartilleryisplayingalargerandlargerpartindecidingbattles.
∙Feature.Anotherhackneyedword;
likefactoritusuallyaddsnothingtothesentenceinwhichitoccurs.
AfeatureoftheentertainmentespeciallyworthyofmentionwasthesingingofMissA.
(BetterusethesamenumberofwordstotellwhatMissA.sang,oriftheprogrammehasalreadybeengiven,totellsomethingofhowshesang.)
∙Asaverb,intheadvertisingsenseofofferasaspecialattraction,tobeavoided.
∙Fix.ColloquialinAmericaforarrange,prepare,mend.Inwritingrestrictittoitsliterarysenses,fasten,makefirmorimmovable,etc.
∙Heisamanwho.Acommontypeofredundantexpression;
seeRule13.
Heisamanwhoisveryambitious.
Heisveryambitious.
SpainisacountrywhichIhavealwayswantedtovisit.
IhavealwayswantedtovisitSpain.
∙However.Inthemeaningnevertheless,nottocomefirstinitssentenceorclause.
Theroadswerealmostimpassable.However,weatlastsucceededinreachingcamp.
Theroadswerealmostimpassable.Atlast,however,wesucceededinreachingcamp.
∙Whenhowevercomesfirst,itmeansinwhateverwayortowhateverextent.
Howeveryouadvisehim,hewillprobablydoashethinksbest.
Howeverdiscouragingtheprospect,heneverlostheart.
∙Kindof.Nottobeusedasasubstituteforrather(beforeadjectivesandverbs),orexceptinfamiliarstyle,forsomethinglike(beforenouns).Restrictittoitsliteralsense:
Amberisakindoffossilresin;
Idislikethatkindofnotoriety."
Thesameholdstrueofsortof.
∙Less.Shouldnotbemisusedforfewer.
Hehadlessmenthaninthepreviouscampaign.
Hehadfewermenthaninthepreviouscampaign.
∙Lessreferstoquantity,fewertonumber."
Histroublesarelessthanmine"
Histroublesarenotsogreatasmine."
Histroublesarefewerthanmine"
Histroublesarenotsonumerousasmine."
Itis,however,correcttosay,"
Thesignersofthepetitionwerelessthanahundred,"
wheretheroundnumber,ahundred,issomethinglikeacollectivenoun,andlessisthoughtofasmeaningalessquantityoramount.
∙Line,alongtheselines.Lineinthesenseofcourseofprocedure,conduct,thought,isallowable,buthasbeensomuchoverworked,particularlyinthephrasealongtheselines,thatawriterwhoaimsatfreshnessororiginalityhadbetterdiscarditentirely.
Mr.B.alsospokealongthesamelines.
Mr.B.alsospoke,tothesameeffect.
HeisstudyingalongthelineofFrenchliterature.
HeisstudyingFrenchliterature.
∙Literal,literally.Oftenincorrectlyusedinsupportofexaggerationorviolentmetaphor.
Aliteralfloodofabuse
Afloodofabuse
Literallydeadwithfatigue
Almostdeadwithfatigue(deadtired)
∙Loseout.Meanttobemoreemphaticthanlose,butactuallylessso,becauseofitscommonness.Thesameholdstrueoftryout,winout,signup,registerup.Withanumberofverbs,outandupformidiomaticcombinations:
findout,runout,turnout,cheerup,dryup,makeup,andothers,eachdistinguishableinmeaningfromthesimpleverb.Loseoutisnot.
∙Most.Nottobeusedforalmost.
Mosteverybody
Almosteverybody
Mostallthetime
Almostallthetime
∙Nature.Oftensimplyredundant,usedlikecharacter.
Actsofahostilenature
∙Oftenvaguelyusedinsuchexpressionsas"
aloverofnature;
poemsaboutnature."
Unlessmorespecificstatementsfollow,thereadercannottellwhetherthepoemshavetodowithnaturalscenery,rurallife,thesunset,theuntrackedwilderness,orthehabitsofsquirrels.
∙Nearby.Adverbialphrase,notyetfullyacceptedasgoodEnglish,thoughtheanalogyofclosebyandhardbyseemstojustifyit.Near,ornearathand,isasgood,ifnotbetter.
Nottobeusedasanadjective;
useneighboring.
∙Oftentimes,ofttimes.Archaicforms,nolongeringooduse.Themodernwordisoften.
∙Onehundredandone.Retaintheandinthisandsimilarexpressions,inaccordancewiththeunvaryingusageofEnglishprosefromOldEnglishtimes.
∙Oneofthemost.Avoidbeginningessaysorparagraphswiththisformula,as,"
Oneofthemostinterestingdevelopmentsofmodernscienceis,etc.;
SwitzerlandisoneofthemostinterestingcountriesofEurope."
Thereisnothingwronginthis;
itissimplythreadbareandforcible-feeble.
∙People.Thepeopleisapoliticalterm,nottobeconfusedwiththepublic.Fromthepeoplecomespoliticalsupportoropposition;
fromthepubliccomesartisticappreciationorcommercialpatronage.
Thewordpeopleisnottobeusedwithwordsofnumber,inplaceofpersons.Ifof"
sixpeople"
fivewentaway,howmany"
people"
wouldbeleft?
∙Phase.Meansastageoftransitionordevelopment:
thephasesofthemoon;
thelastphase."
Nottobeusedforaspectortopic.
Anotherphaseofthesubject
Anotherpoint(anotherquestion)
∙Possess.Nottobeusedasameresubst
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