高中英语语法理论+默写Word格式文档下载.docx

高中英语语法理论+默写Word格式文档下载.docx

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2.非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系比较松散，只是对先行词作附加的说明，如去掉，从句的意思仍然清楚，这种从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开。

HelivesinBeijing,whichisaboutfivehours’ridefromhere.

Iamseeingthemanagertomorrow,whenhewillbebackfromNewYork.

Mycousin,whoisanengineer,whentoEuropelastweek.

Hisspeech,whichboredeveryone,wentonandon.

第二节定语从句的连词

1.关系代词与关系副词的用法

关系词

先行词

在从句中充当的成分

例句

关系代词

Who

人

主语

宾语

Doyouknowthecookwhoisworking?

Doyouknowthespeakerwhohehasinvited?

whom

ThegirlwhomImetissobeautiful.

that

人/物

表语

Arocketisamachinethatcanflyintothespace.

ThisistheplacethatIvisitedlastyear.

Thisplaceisnottheonethatitusedtobe.

Hehaschangedandheisnotthemanthathewas.

which

物

ThisisabookwhichtellsaboutChina.

Thebookwhichyoulentmelastweekisinteresting.

whose

定语

Theroomwhosedoorisredismine.

Theyoungmanwhosedesignhaswonthefirstprizeismybrother.

when

时间

状语

Don’tforgetthedaywhenwemethere.

where

地点/抽象名词

Thisistheplacewherewelivedlastyear.

Itgottothepointwherehehadtoleave.

why

Reason

Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tgo.

注意：

1）Which,who,whom在从句中作宾语，that在从句中作宾语/表语时常可省略，但介词提前时，不用that/who,且which，whom不可省。

如:

Prof.WhiteisthemanforwhomIhavethegreatestrespect.

Thecasetowhichyouarereferringisnowclosed.

2）whenwhere=介词+which;

why=for+which如：

Ishallneverforgetthedaywhenwefirstmet.

Ishallneverforgetthedayonwhichwefirstmet.

Theroomwhereheworkedisnowkeptingoodrepair.

Theroominwhichheworkedisnowkeptingoodrepair.

Thereasonwhyhecamesoearlyishisownaffair.

Thereasonforwhichhecamesoearlyishisownaffair.

3）在从句结构完整的前提下，抽象名词（如situation,condition,point,case,environment,atmosphere,circumstance,system,job,activity,competition,contest,match,game,nice等）后面可以用where引导定语从句。

Histechniquedevelopedtothepointwherehecanrepairmanyelectrically-poweredmachines.

Weshouldcreateanenvironmentwherehumanbeingsandanimalsliveinharmony

2.关系代词与关系副词的确定

在定语从句中，是选择关系代词还是关系副词主要是看定语从句部分是否缺少基本成分,缺少基本成分（主语、宾语、表语）选关系代词，不缺成分选关系副词（或者whose）。

Thisistheroomwherehelived.

Thisistheroomthat/whichhevisited.

Iwillalwaysrememberthetimewhenwestayedtogether.

Iwillalwaysrememberthetimethat/whichwespenttogether.

Wedon’tknowthereasonwhyhedidn’tcometotheparty.

Wearesurprisedatthereasonthat/whichhehasgivenforhisabsencefromtheparty.

Don’tstayintheroomwhoseroofisdamaged.

Iwillhaveaninterviewwiththeguywhoseambitionistobeapilot.

3.that与which/who/whom的用法区别

which与that、who（m）可互换的情况

1）限制性定语从句的先行词是物时，which,that可互换。

Whereisthebookwhich/thatIboughtthismorning?

Ilikethesportsshoeswhich/thathehasjustbought.

2）限制性定语从句的先行词是人时，who（m），that可互换。

Whereisthemanwho/whom/thatIsawthismorning?

Isthatthemanwho/whom/thatyougaveyourticketsto?

Theyaretheboyswho/thatalwaysgotoschoolwithme.

不能用that

的情况

1）在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指物（或整个句子），用who/whom指人。

Thisbook,whichonlyappearedayearago,hasalreadygonethroughseveraleditions.

Hetriedtostandonhishandsforfiveminutes,whichisratheradifficultthingtodo.

Thedriver,whowasveryyoung,hadonlyjustgothislicense.

Theyoungmanhadanewboss,who/whomhewantedtoimpress.

2）在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，用whom指人。

MissGreenisthepersontowhomyoushouldwrite.

Heworksinafactory,infrontofwhichthereisariver.

Theytriedtothinkofaplanbywhichtheycouldfulfilltheirtaskontime.

3）先行词为those,one,ones,anyone且指代人时，用who。

Thosewhoareinfavoroftheplanpleaseraiseyourhands.

Anyonewhobreakstheruleswillbefined.

只用that

1）something,everything,anything,nothing,all,little,much等不定代词作先行词时

Hetoldmeallthathappened.

ThereisnothingthatIcando.

2）序数词或形容髙级修饰先行词时

ComputeristhemostusefulmachinethatIhaveeverknown.

MadameCurieisthefirstwomanthatwontheNobelPrizetwice.

3）当先行词既指人又指物时

Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwerememberedintheschool.

Hetalkedbrilliantlyofthemanandthebooksthatinterestedhim.

4）当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast所修饰时

HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttosee.

ThisistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.

Investinginthestockmarketisthelastthingthatwewilldo.

5）先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no.some等修饰时

I’vereadallthebooksthatyougaveme.

Anyboythatwantstosucceedmustworkhard.

6）当句中已有which或who时，为避免重复，多用that

WhoisthemanthatistalkingtoJim?

4.theway后面接定语从句的情况

当way表示“方式、方法”在句中作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，引导定语从句的连词可用that,inwhich,或省略。

Idon’tlikethewaythathelaughedatme.

Idon’tlikethewayinwhichhelaughedatme.

Idon’tlikethewayhelaughedatme.

Thewaythatyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.

Thewayinwhichyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.

Thewayyouansweredthequestionswasadmirable.

5.as引导定语从句的情况

as可以引导非限制性定语从句，与which一样指代这个主句。

但当从句位于句首时，只能用as，不能用which。

Asweallknow,theOlympicGamesisheldeveryfouryears.

TheOlympicGamesisheldeveryfouryears,which/asweallknow.

第一部分知识透析

第一节名词性从句的分类

名词性从句包括：

主语从句

Whatweneedismoretime.

Itremainstobeseenwhetherhecanrecoverfromtheillness.

Whowasresponsiblefortheaccidentisnotyetclear.

Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.

宾语从句

Wemustneverthinkthatwearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodinnothing.

Iwillnottrustwhomevertheywillelect.

Ican'

timaginewhatmadehimactlikethat.

Doyouknowwhetheranydecisionhasbeenarrivedat?

表语从句

Thequestioniswhetherthetaskcanbefinishedontime.

Mysuggestionisthatyoushouldspendmoretimedoingphysicalexercise.

Themysteryishowhehasmanagedtoarrivethere.

Thefactisthathedidn'

tnoticethecaruntiltoolate.

同位语从句

Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.

Itisafactthathecan'

taffordhistuition.

Ifirmlyholdtheopinionthateffectivemeasuresshouldbetakentosolvetheseproblems.

Wordcomesthatourschoolwillholdaspeechcontestlaterthismonth,

第二节名词性从句的连词

1）概述

是否作成分是否有意义

that不作成分无意义

whether/if不作成分有意义

what/whatever作成分有意义

which/whichever作成分有意义

who/whoever作成分有意义

whom/whomever作成分有意义

when,where作成分有意义

why,how,whose作成分有意义

2）比较that&

what

that无意义，不作成分；

what有意义，作成分

Idon’tknowthathewillgiveusagift.

Idon'

tknowwhathewillgiveus.

3）比较which&

which有范围；

what无范围

Allthesepencilboxesarebeautiful.Idon'

tknowwhichIshouldbuy.

tknowwhichlanethedriverwillturninto.

tknowwhatIshouldbuy.

Whathewillgiveyouasyourbirthdaygiftisstillasecret.

4）比较有无ever

有ever泛指所有；

无ever有明确的指代对象

Whoeverbreaksthelawmustbepunished.

tknowwhowillbeournewmanager.

第三节名词性从句的其他要点

1）主语从句屮it作形式主语

主语从句中为了避免句子“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语。

Itisstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.

Itisstrangethatyoushouldlikehim.

Itisstillunknownwhichteamwillwinthematch.

2）表语从句中Thereasonwhy...isthat

Thereasonwhy...isthat+表语从句

Thereasonwhyliewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainthismorning.

3）宾语从句中的否定迁移

当宾语从句的主句主语为第一人称，谓语动词为think,believe,imagine,suppose等（且时态为一般现在时），则若宾语从句为否定句，要将否定迁移至主句

Wedon'

tthinkyouarehere.

tbelievehewilldoso.

4）同位语从句与定语从句的区别

从意义看，同位语从句是对名词的补充说明；

而定语从句是对名词加以修饰和限定

Itisafactthatshehasdoneherbest.同位语从句

Itisafactthatyoucan'

tdeny.定语从句

从语法看，同位语从句的连词that在从句中不充当成分，不能省略；

定语从句的连词that在从句中充当成分，且作宾语/表语时可以省略

Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthegameisreallyencouraging.同位语从句

Thenews（that）hetoldmeisreallyencouraging.定语从句

5）名词性从句的虚拟

当名词性从句的主句部分出现表示建议、命令、要求的词（advise,suggest,insist,propose,request,require，demand,command,order）时，从句部分的谓语动词要用shoulddo，should可以省略

Itisadvisedthatyoungpeople（should）practicetheirhandwriting.

Theproposalisthatstudents（should）spendatleastthreehoursonafter-classactivitieseveryweek.

Iinsistthatshe（should）doherworkalone.

Thesuggestioncamefromthechairpersonthattherule（should）beadopted.

第一部分知识透析

第一节时间状语从句

1.常见连词：

when,while,as,once,since,until,before,after,assoonas,themoment,every/eachtime,bythetime,hardly...when...,nosooner...than

Whentheteachercamein,hewasreadinganovel.

Mymotherlikeslisteningtomusicwhilesheiscooking.

Asspringwarmstheearth,allflowersbegintobloom.

Onceyoubegan,youcan’tgiveituphalfway.

Ihaven'

theardfromhimsincehewentabroad.

Theboydidn’tgotobeduntilhisfathercameback.

Therooffellbeforehehadtimetorushoutoftheroom.

Hestartedthejobsoonafterhelefttheuniversity.

Itbegantorainassoonas/themomentIarrivedthere.

Every/EachtimeIcallonhim,heisout.

BythetimeIcomebacknextyear,theconstructionofournewofficebuildingwillhavebeencompleted.

Ihadhardlyarrivedtherewhenitbegantorain.

Ihadnosoonerarrivedtherethanitbegantorain.

2.when/while/as的用法说明

1）when可以表示两个重复性的,同时发生的事件,即过去或现在的习惯动作,此时when可以与whenever及every/eachtime互换,意为“每当……时”.如：

When（ever）hegoestotown,healwaysvisitshisaunt.

Every/Eachtimehegoestotown,healwaysvisi