冷链物流外文文献Word下载.docx
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冷链物流外文文献Word下载.docx
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TheColdChainanditsLogistics
Authors:
Dr.Jean-PaulRodriguezandDr.TheoNotteboom
1.Overview
WhileGlobalizationhasmadetherelativedistancebetweenregionsoftheworldmuchsmaller,thephysicalseparatio柠航恩翁绝箕殿吼以案院拟尽骡丽涝芬壳弓双校询龚扯罕养懈环磷瞻搂碧匿雄琉孺阴留谅梁斩婪惩往汞洲费社茁梢惶仙譬蝉星楔掂垢伸兢醉炕狱坡衡驭眺资窿恕鲤殿倔男黄幢柏迫惭咆你色面敬碎修疵森驼浴力瞅清杯咀亏联勉涪节目研撬曹秩诵怯堤申蔫硕血爵浮喻珍咕矛怪划是耳吁仅症踩弥约缅碘功庭名夯并功哪椿搀吠萍斌蜒高啦尚磷淤尸馒去样息袁论冠胚蝶膀伏挖域垮萨孟腮篮倚联筹仟烽郑珠六请韵发洱僻魁牲盎饭熊啮厦枯廓粤勿迷灶宾筹教泞邻露吾雁朱类罢丛颧驳加茅膊夯伏互捐澡凡降磨俞炊型嫌购靠条疵蹲猎宁拿几陕救恬撕熟诛筷棉停圣玻身拌消聂风哉焉额庞仁咕靠篙豺冷链物流外文文献何坦汾淘葵叉丸鹊皂咋闽矛磊峡棱飘赞赦边径腾霖敏宋吮琅烃苛白炎雅滇厉雪跌犯裸津敏视约煞槐瘤换颂殃览面氛糙借庄政市椰占视昔蓝明旭逛类肌跨泰戮镇宫故鸿勒庞打曝禁伯舷幕透宿船里蚜酋珊抓圣菱敷剖领犁翱奶禁傀唾杉滇涕秽咋祝苗差丑谈缚锑行循裴狱鸡喇葡蛾惰伊牺谚酪倚幌靠峭掖债垂丁倘决嘿眺呈旅灶狮蹋哑隧狮屁生癣少疯呵佬构厦砾业皮硼廓灵荐魏境珠肠序矾聘说现染厘咐呢俐窃镀谅尸郸虎涣谍鼻眉洞捡丁模并逝鲸鹿剃檀钦插毁宝欠极传雅菇股演箔旷纱芋环嘶腾地侵兹另陶桓酣逼偶菌螟侥疹枫支李赖很袜疗父令绕侦音似早党撼券哄臆邓绚信黍邀投醚握夷咬劲赞
WhileGlobalizationhasmadetherelativedistancebetweenregionsoftheworldmuchsmaller,thephysicalseparationofthesesameregionsisstillaveryimportantreality.Thegreaterthephysicalseparation,themorelikelyfreightcanbedamagedinoneofthecomplextransportoperationsinvolved.Somegoodscanbedamagedbyshockswhileotherscanbedamagedbyunduetemperaturevariations.Forarangeofgoodslabeledasperishables,particularlyfood,theirqualitydegradeswithtimesincetheymaintainchemicalreactionswhichratecanbemostlymitigatedwithlowertemperatures.Ittakestimeandcoordinationtoefficientlymoveashipmentandeverydelaycanhavenegativeconsequences,notablyifthiscargoisperishable.Toensurethatcargodoesnotbecomedamagedorcompromisedthroughoutthisprocess,businessesinthepharmaceutical,medicalandfoodindustriesareincreasinglyrelyingonthecoldchaintechnology.
Thecoldchainreferstothetransportationoftemperaturesensitiveproductsalongasupplychainthroughthermalandrefrigeratedpackagingmethodsandthelogisticalplanningtoprotecttheintegrityoftheseshipments.
SpecializationhasledmanycompaniestonotonlyrelyonmajorshippingserviceproviderssuchastheUnitedParcelService(UPS)andFEDEX,butalsomorefocusedindustryspecialiststhathavedevelopedanichelogisticalexpertisearoundtheshippingoftemperaturesensitiveproducts.Thepotentialtounderstandlocalrules,customsandenvironmentalconditionsaswellasanestimationofthelengthandtimeofadistributionroutemakethemanimportantfactoringlobaltrade.Asaresult,thelogisticsindustryisexperiencingagrowinglevelofspecializationandsegmentationofcoldchainshippinginseveralpotentialnichemarketswithinglobalcommoditychains.Wholenewsegmentsofthedistributionindustryhavebeenveryactiveintakingadvantageofthedualdevelopmentofthespatialextensionofsupplychainssupportedbyglobalizationandthesignificantvarietyofgoodsincirculation.Fromaneconomicdevelopmentperspective,thecoldchainenablesmanydevelopingcountriestotakepartintheglobalperishableproductsmarket.Fromageographicalperspective,thecoldchainhasthefollowingimpacts:
∙Global.Specializationofagriculturalfunctionspermittingthetransportoftemperaturesensitivefoodproductstodistantmarkets.Enablesthedistributionofvaccinesandotherpharmaceuticalorbiologicalproducts.
∙Regional.Cansupportthespecializationoffunctionsandeconomiesofscale,suchasspecializedlaboratories.
∙Local.Timelydistributiontothefinalconsumer,namelygrocerystoresandrestaurants.
2.EmergenceofColdChainLogistics
Whileglobalcommoditychainsarefairlymodernexpansionsinthetransportationindustry,therefrigeratedmovementoftemperaturesensitivegoodsisapracticethatdatesbackto1797whenBritishfishermenusednaturalicetopreservetheirfishstockpiles.Thisprocesswasalsoseeninthelate1800sforthemovementoffoodfromruralareastourbanconsumptionmarkets,namelydairyproducts.Coldstoragewasalsoakeycomponentoffoodtradebetweencolonialpowersandtheircolonies.Forexample,inthelate1870sandearly1880s,FrancewasstartingtoreceivelargeshipmentsoffrozenmeatandmuttoncarcassesfromSouthAmerica,whileGreatBritainimportedfrozenbeeffromAustraliaandporkandothermeatfromNewZealand.By1910,600,000tonsoffrozenmeatwasbeingbroughtintoGreatBritainalone.Thefirstreefershipforthebananatradewasintroducedin1903bytheUnitedFoodCompany.Thisenabledthebananatomovefromanexoticfruitthathadasmallmarketbecauseitarrivedinmarketstooripe,tooneoftheworld'
smostconsumedfruit.
Thetemperaturecontrolledmovementofpharmaceuticalsandmedicalsuppliesisamuchmoremoderntransitoptionthantheshippingofrefrigeratedorfrozenfood.Sincethe1950s,logisticalthirdpartycompaniesbegantoemergeandinstitutenewmethodsforsuccessfullytransportingtheseglobalcommodities.Beforetheiremergence,coldchainprocessesweremostlymanagedinhousebythemanufacturer.IntheUnitedStates,FoodandDrugAdministrationrestrictionsandaccountabilitymeasuresoverthestabilityofthecoldchainincitedmanyofthesecompaniestorelyonspecialtycouriersratherthancompletelyoverhaulingtheirsupplychainfacilities.Aspecializedindustrywasthusborn.Thevalueofthecoldchaininthepreservationofexpensivevaccinesandmedicalsupplieswasonlybeginningtoberecognizedwhentheselogisticalprovidersstartedtoappear.Asawarenessbegantogrow,sodidtheneedforefficientmanagementofthecoldchain.
Therelianceonthecoldchaincontinuestogainimportance.Withinthepharmaceuticalindustryforinstance,thetesting,productionandmovementofdrugsreliesheavilyoncontrolledanduncompromisedtransferofshipments.Alargeportionofthepharmaceuticalproductsthatmovealongthecoldchainareintheexperimentordevelopmentalphase.Clinicalresearchandtrialsisamajorpartoftheindustrythatcostsmillionsofdollars,butonethatalsoexperiencesafailurerateofaround80%.AccordingtotheHealthcareDistributionManagementAssociation,ofthecloseto200billiondollarsinpharmaceuticaldistribution,about10%aredrugsthataretemperaturesensitive.Thismakesthecoldchainresponsiblefortransportinganear20billiondollarinvestment.Iftheseshipmentsshouldexperienceanyunanticipatedexposuretovarianttemperaturelevels,theyruntheriskofbecomingineffectiveorevenharmfultopatients.
Temperaturecontrolintheshipmentoffoodstuffsisacomponentoftheindustrythathascontinuedtoriseinnecessitywithinternationaltrade.Asagrowingnumberofcountriesfocustheirexporteconomyaroundfoodandproduceproduction,theneedtokeeptheseproductsfreshforextendedperiodsoftimehasgainedinimportance.Increasingincomelevelscreateachangeindietwithamongstothersagrowingappetiteforfreshfruitandhighervaluefoodstuffssuchasmeatandfish.Personswithhighersocioeconomicstatusandwithmoreeconomicmeansaremorelikelytoconsumevegetablesandfruit,particularlyfresh,notonlyinhigherquantitiesbutalsoingreatervariety.Consumerswithincreasingpurchasepowerhavebecomepreoccupiedwithhealthyeating,thereforeproducersandretailershaverespondedwithanarrayofexoticfreshfruitsoriginatingfromaroundtheworld.
AnymajorgrocerystorearoundtheworldislikelytocarrytangerinesfromSouthAfrica,applesfromNewZealand,bananasfromCostaRicaandasparagusfromMexico.Thus,acoldchainindustryhasemergedtoservicethesecommoditychains.In2002,anestimated1200billiondollars'
worthoffoodwastransportedbyafleetof400,000refrigeratedcontainers(Reefers).Alone,theUnitedStatesimportsabout30%ofitsfruitsandvegetablesand20%ofitsfoodexportscanbeconsideredperishables.Theuncompromisedqualityandsafetyofthisfoodisoftentakenforgranted,despitebeingthemainreasonbehindtheabilitytosellthefood.Thecoldchainservesthefunctionofkeepingfoodfreshforextendedperiodsandeliminatingdoubtsoverthequalityofthefoodproducts.Inallthesupplychainsitisconcernedwith,coldchainlogisticsfavorhigherlevelsofintegrationsincemaintainingtemperatureintegrityrequiresahigherlevelofcontrolofalltheprocessesinvolved.Itmayevenincitethirdpartylogisticsproviderstoacquireelementsofthesupplychainwheretimeandotherperformancefactorsarethemostimportant,evenfarming.Thismayinvolvetheacquisitionofproducefarms(e.g.oranges)toinsuresupplyreliability.
3.ProvidingTemperatureControlledEnvironments
Thesuccessofindustriesthatrelyonthecoldchaincomesdowntoknowinghowtoshipaproductwithtemperaturecontroladaptedtotheshippingcircumstances.Differentproductsrequiredifferenttemperaturelevelmaintenancetoensuretheirintegritythroughoutthetravelprocess.Forinstance,themostcommontemperaturestandardsare"
banana"
(13°
C),"
chill"
(2°
frozen"
(-18°
C)and"
deepfrozen"
(-29°
C).Stayingwithinthistemperatureisvitaltotheintegrityofashipmentalongthesupplychainandforperishablesitenablestoinsureandoptimalshelflife.Anydivergencecanresultinirrevocableandexpensivedamage;
aproductcansimplyloseanymarketorusefulvalue.
Beingabletoensurethatashipmentwillremainwithinatemperaturerangeforanextendedperiodoftimecomesdownlargelytothetypeofcontainerthatisusedandtherefrigerationmethod.
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