英美文学关键内容.docx
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英美文学关键内容.docx
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英美文学关键内容
英美文学关键内容
Alliteration
Alliterationisregularrepetitionofthesamesounds---usu.Initialconsonantsofwordsorofstressedsyllables---inOldandMiddleEnglishverse.
∙BigBen
∙SuperSonic
∙MickeyMouse
IambicPentameter
Iambicpentameterisameterinpoetry,consistingoflineswithfivefeet(hence"pentameter")inwhichtheiambisthedominantfoot(hence"Iambic").IambicrhythmsarequiteeasytowriteinEnglishandiambicpentameterisamongthemostcommonmetricalformsinEnglishpoetry.LiketherestofthemetersithasitsoriginsinGreekpoetry.
da-DUMda-DUMda-DUMda-DUMda-DUM
(weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG/weakSTRONG)
Was-THISthe-FACEthat-LAUNCH'Da-THOUsand-SHIPS
Rhyme
Rhymeistheechoorcoincidenceofsoundsattheendoftheline.Itisasimilarityofsoundbetweenwords,suchasmoon,spoon,croon,tune,andJune.Rhymeisoftenemployedinverse.
Loveliestoftrees,thecherrynow
Ishungwithbloomalongthebough,
Andstandsaboutthewoodlandride
WearingwhiteforEastertide.
Stanza
Stanzaisarecurrentgroupingoftwoormorelinesofapoemintermsoflength,metricalform,and,often,rhymescheme.ThemorecommonstanzaicformsareA.couplet双行,B.tercet三行,C.quatrain(balladstanza民歌韵段),D.rhymeroyal御韵(7行抑扬格5步,韵式ababbcc),E.ottava(8行抑扬格5步,韵式abababcc),F.theSpenserianstanza斯宾塞韵段(9行---前8行抑扬格5步,最后1行6步,韵式ababbcbcc)和G.sonnet.
Sonnet
Sonnetisalyricpoemcomprising14rhymingiambicpentameterlines.Therhymeschemesofthesonnetfollowbasicallytwopatterns:
A)TheItaliansonnet(thePetrarchan)comprisesan8-line(octave)oftwoquatrains,rhymedabbaabba,followedbya6-line(sestet)usuallyrhymedcdecdeorcdcdcd.B)TheEnglishsonnet(Shakespearean)comprises3quatrainsandafinalcouplet,rhymingababcdcdefefgg.AnimportantvariantofthisisSpenserianwhichrhymesababbabccdcdee.FamousEnglishsonneteersareSirPhilipSidney,Spenser,Shakespeare,JohnDonne,Milton,Wordsworth,Keats,ElizabethBarrettBrowning,W.H.Auden.
Theformconsistsofthreequatrainsandacouplet.Thecoupletgenerallyintroducedanunexpectedsharpthematicorimagistic"turn".Theusualrhymeschemewasa-b-a-b,c-d-c-d,e-f-e-f,g-g.
Thisexample,Shakespeare'sSonnet116,illustratestheform:
Letmenottothemarriageoftrueminds
Admitimpediments.Loveisnotlove
Whichalterswhenitalterationfinds,
Orbendswiththeremovertoremove.
Ono,itisaneverfixedmark
Thatlooksontempestsandisnevershaken;
Itisthestartoeverywand'ringbarque,
Whoseworth'sunknownalthoughhisheightbetaken.
Love'snottime'sfool,thoughrosylipsandcheeks
Withinhisbendingsickle'scompasscome;
Lovealtersnotwithhisbriefhoursandweeks,
Butbearsitouteventotheedgeofdoom.
Ifthisbeerroranduponmeproved,
Ineverwrit,nornomaneverloved.
AvariantonthisformistheSpenseriansonnet,namedafterEdmundSpenser(c.1552–1599)inwhichtherhymeschemeisa-b-a-b,b-c-b-c,c-d-c-d,e-e.ThisexampleistakenfromAmoretti
Happyyeleaves!
whenasthoselilyhand
Happyyeleaves!
whenasthoselilyhands,
Whichholdmylifeintheirdeaddoingmight,
Shallhandleyou,andholdinlove'ssoftbands,
Likecaptivestremblingatthevictor'ssight.
Andhappylines!
onwhich,withstarrylight,
Thoselampingeyeswilldeignsometimestolook,
Andreadthesorrowsofmydyingsprite,
Writtenwithtearsinheart'sclosebleedingbook.
Andhappyrhymes!
bathedinthesacredbrook
OfHelicon,whenceshederivedis,
Whenyebeholdthatangel'sblessedlook,
Mysoul'slonglackedfood,myheaven'sbliss.
Leaves,lines,andrhymesseekhertopleasealone,
Whomifyeplease,Icareforothernone.
HeroicCouplet
Heroiccoupletrhymediambicpentameterlinesinpairs.
Afrequently-citedexampleillustratingtheuseofheroiccoupletsisthispassagefromCooper'sHillbyJohnDenham,partofhisdescriptionoftheThames:
OcouldIflowlikethee,andmakethystream
Mygreatexample,asitismytheme!
Thoughdeep,yetclear,thoughgentle,yetnotdull,
Strongwithoutrage,withouto'erflowingfull.
Satire
Satireisamodeofwritingthatexposesthefailingsofindividuals,institutions,orsocietiestoridiculeandscorn.
TheCanterburyTales
TheCanterburyTales,beguninabout1386,consistsofstoriestoldbysomeofthethirtypilgrimswhosetofffromtheTabardInninSouthwark,London,tovisittheshrineofSt.ThomasaBecket,theArchbishopofCanterburymurderedinhisowncathedralin1170.Theaimwastotellfourstorieseach:
twoontheway,twoonthewayback.ThetellerofthebeststorywouldbegivenafreedinnerbythecheerfulhostoftheTabard.Infact,thecollectionisincompleteandonly24storiesaretold.
Structure
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