Skimming Scanning 习题分析Word格式文档下载.docx
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Skimming Scanning 习题分析Word格式文档下载.docx
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AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecades,theimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.②Indeed,inmanyrespectstheSirionosumupthepopularconceptionoflifeinAmazonia.Tocasualobservers,aswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplanners,theflourishingforestsofAmazoniaseemageless,unconquerable,ahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.①TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology,livingproofthatAmazoniacouldbut---andcannot---sustainamorecomplexsociety.
Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboratecultureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregion,abandonedtodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment.
RecentEvidence
②ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11,000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfromanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatesthattheregionhassupportedaseriesofindigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;
①anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties---somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas100,000---thrivedthereformorethan1,000yearsbeforethearrivalofEuropeans.(Indeed,somecontemporarytribes,includingtheSiriono,stillliveamongtheearthworksofearliercultures.)①Farfrombeingevolutionarilyretarded,prehistoricAmazonianpeopledevelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem“primitive”,theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationofecologicalbarrier;
ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure.Investigatorswhoargueotherwisehaveunwittinglyprojectedthepresentontothepast.
TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.④Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.But⑤astheUniversityofFloridaecologistPeterFeinsingerhasnoted,anapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongercapableofbeingmaintainedinargument.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants.
TheRoleofRecentTechnologyinEcologicalResearchinAmazonia
Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon(一点也不早).③InJune1992,politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneiro(里约热内卢)todiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.⑥ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupation,someenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironically,onemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.⑦Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislation,developmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedapaceovervastareas.
Theothermajorcasualtyofthe“naturalism”ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonians,whosehabitsofhunting,fishing,andslash-and-burncultivation(火耕)oftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.Intheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddevelopers,theIndians,whosepresenceisinfactcrucialtothesurvivaloftheforest,havesufferedthemost.ThenewunderstandingoftheprehistoryofAmazonia,however,pointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithwisemanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpast,itseemsoffershopeforthefuture.
提示:
在实考试卷中,8-10题在答题卡1上
1.ThereasonforthesimplicityoftheIndianwayoflifeisthatAmazoniahasalwaysbeenunabletosupportamorecomplexsociety.----N
2.ThereisacrucialpopularmisconceptionaboutthehumanhistoryofAmazonia.---Y
3.therearelessonstobelearnedfromsimilarecosystemsinotherpartsoftheworld.—NG(NOMENTION)
4.MostecologistswereawarethattheareasofAmazoniatheywereworkinginhadbeenshapedbyhumansettlement.---N
5.PeterFeinsingerhasnotedthatanapproachthatleavespeopleoutofquestionisnottenableanymore.—Y
6.ThechallengeisespeciallynoteasyinAmazonia.—Y
7.Policymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislationbutfail.—NG
8.Theothermajorcasualtyofthe“naturalism”ofenvironmentalscientistshadbeentheindigenousAmazonians.
9.TheindigenousAmazonianIndiansarecrucialtothewell-beingoftheforest.
10.ItwouldbepossibleforcertainpartsofAmazoniatosupportmorepeople
⑧⑨⑩
Passage2
DaretoDream敢于做梦
Ourdreamsmayaffectourlivesmorethanweeverrealized.For11years,a58-year-oldanthropologist(人类学家)keptajournalofnearly5,000dreams.Byanalyzingcolorpatternsinthedreams,Arizona-basedresearcherRobertHosscouldaccuratelypredictcertainthingsabouttheman’semotionalstate.
我们的梦会影响我们的生活,这比我们所认识的要多得多.58岁的人类学家将一份近5000人所做之梦的记录保存了10年之久。
经过分析这些梦的颜色的类型,亚利桑那州的研究员罗伯特·
霍斯能精确地预测入梦者的一些情感状况。
“Theclueswereinthecolors,”hesays.②Theanthropologist’sdominantdreamhueswereredsandblacks.“Evenwithoutknowingtheeventsinhislife,”Hossobserves,“weaccuratelydeterminedtheemotionalstatesbasedonthosecolorsinhisdreams.”
Hossisamongagrowinggroupofresearcherswho,thankstocutting-edgemedicaltechnologyandinnovativepsychologicalresearch,arebeginningtodecodethesecretshiddeninourdreamsandtheroledreamingplaysinourlives.Alookatsomeoftheirlatestdiscoveriescangiveusnewinsightsintothelanguageofdreamsandhelpusmakethemostofourtimeasleep.
“线索就在颜色里,”他说。
这位人类学家的梦境主色调是红与黑——处于困境时,就会出现这些。
“即使不知道他生命里的这些情况,”霍斯观察到,“但基于其梦境的颜色,我们便能准确测定其情感状况。
”
霍斯是一个不断成长的研究团队中的一员,通过借鉴尖端的医学技术和不断创新的心理研究,这个研究团队开始破解隐藏于我们梦中的秘密以及梦在我们生活中所扮演的角色。
回顾一下他们最近的研究成果,会让我们对梦境分析的语言有一些全新的了解,也可以使我们睡得更好。
Whydowedream?
③Dreamsareawayforthesubconscioustocommunicatewiththeconsciousmind.Dreamingofsomethingyou’reworriedaboutisthebrain’swayofhelpingyourehearseforadisasterincaseitoccurs.Dreamingofachallenge,likegivingapresentationatworkorplayingsports,canenhanceyourperformance.
梦是一种沟通潜意识与意识的方式。
研究者指出,梦到你所忧虑的某事物,是大脑帮助你的一种方式——排演某种万一会发生的灾难。
梦到挑战,比如在工作中或运动中,会提高你的表现。
③Dreamingisa“moodregulatorysystem,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairmanofthepsychologydepartmentatRushUniversityMedicalCentreinChicago.She’sfoundthatdreamshelppeopleworkthroughtheday’semotionalquandaries(困惑).“It’slikehavingabuilt-intherapist,”saysCartwright.④Whilewesleep,dreamscomparenewemotionalexperiencetooldmemories,creatingpatternsofoldimageslaidontopofnewones.
梦是一个“情绪调整系统”,芝加哥拉什大学(RushUniversity)医疗中心的心理科主任罗莎琳德·
卡特赖特博士说。
她已经发现,梦帮助人们处理白天的情绪困境。
“它就像有了一个临床医学家在你体内一样,”卡特赖特说。
当我们睡觉时,梦将新的情感体验和旧的记忆进行对比,在新的体验上创建旧图像的格子模型。
Infact,dreamemotionscanhelprealtherapiststreatpatientsundergoingtraumatic(创伤的)lifeevents.⑤Inanewstudyof30recentlydivorcedadults,Cartwrighttrackedtheirdreamsoverafive-monthperiod,measuringtheirfeelingstowardtheirex-spouses.Shediscoveredthatthosewhowereangriestatthespousewhiledreaminghadthebestchanceofsuccessfullycopingwithdivorce.“Iftheirdreamswerebland,”Cartwrightsays,“theyhadn’tstartedtoworkthroughtheiremotionsanddealwiththedivorce.”Fortherapists,thisfindingwillhelpdeterminewhetherdivorcedmenorwomenneedcounsellingorhavealreadydreamedtheirtroublesaway.
事实上,梦境情感能帮助现实中的临床医学家治疗那些经历过意外事件创伤的病患。
卡特赖特在一份最新的研究报告中对近30%的离婚人士的梦追踪了5个月,测量了他们对其前配偶的情感。
她发现,当这些人梦到有机会能成功地应付离婚时,他们对其配偶非常的生气。
“如果他们的梦是乏味的,”卡特赖特说,“他们的情感无法很好地开始工作,并处理离婚。
”对这些临床医学家而言,这些发现有助于决定那些离婚人士是否需要咨询服务或已经梦到他们的困境。
Oneinterpretationdoesn’tfitall一个并不周密的解释
Nodeviceletsresearchersprobethecontentofdreamswhilewesleep,butscientistsarefindingnewwaystointerpretdreamsoncewe’veawakened.ForgetFreud’snotionthatdreamscontainimageswithuniversalmeanings.Anewgenerationofpsychologistsinsiststhatdreamsymbolsdifferdependingonthedreamer.Inarecentstudy,UniversityofOttawapsychologyprofessorJosephDeKoninckasked13volunteerstomaketwolists:
oneofdetailsrecalledfromrecentdreams,andanotherofrecenteventsintheirwakinglives.Whenanalystswereaskedtomatchwhichvolunteerexperiencedwhichdream,theyfailed.⑥DeKoninck’sconclusion:
Eachpersonunderstandshisorherdreamsbetterthanan
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