唤醒宁波共同的记忆王澍Word文档格式.docx
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唤醒宁波共同的记忆王澍Word文档格式.docx
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Traditionistheimmediateandsignificantresourceforrestoringormaintainingidentity
TuoJi
Arch598
May-7-2013
Abstract
Inthe1980s,justaftertheCulturalRevolutionperiod,Chinaadoptedtheopen-doorpolicyandembarkedonmodernization.WiththerapiddevelopmentofChina,alargeamountofdiversebuildingsinChinawerepulleddownduringthepastthirtyyears.Atthesametime,tonsofmodernbuildingshavemushroomedinChina.Insuchanenvironmentofglobalization,manyChinesecontemporarybuildingshavebeenbeinginfluencedbytheWesternarchitecturalideology,andpoorimitationofWesternarchitecturecaneasilybefoundinChina.Asaresult,thosemimicbuildingsareunabletobeconsistentandharmoniousinlocalcontext.Onthecontrary,manyofthedemolishedbuildingsservedassymbolsoflocalhistory,culture,politicsandeconomy,etc.Alongwiththedisappearingofthosebuildings,considerablepartsofthelocalculturalidentityhavefadedaway.However,IcannotdenythatcertainarchitectureandurbanplanningprojectsareaffirmativeandapplaudedinmodernChina.
Inthispaper,IwillchooseNingbocityasatypicalexampleofmodernizedcity.Ningboisanimportantseaportcitywithmorethan1000yearshistory.Thecity'
sexportindustrydatesbacktothe7thcentury.TodayNingboisamajorexporterofelectricalproducts,textiles,food,andindustrialtools.IchooseseveralprojectsofNingbocitytodiscussanddemonstratehowtheseprojectsleadNingbocitytoanewchapterofcityscapeandhowthesebuildingsuseinnovativeandmodernmethodstorestorelocalculturalidentityintheenvironmentofglobalizationandmodernization.
Introduction
Architecturehasonlyasmallparttoplayintheaffairsofman.Itdoes,nonetheless,bringtogethermuchthatisimportantforsocietyatlarge:
shelter,socialfunction,technology,art,economics,politics,scienceandmore.Consequently,architecturecanbeamirrortosociety.Architecturealsocontainsthememoriesofregions,itservesasamediatorecordtheuniquehistoryofregionsandtelldifferentstories.Itisregardedasthewitnessofcities’developmentandcreatecities’identityatthesametime.However,withthedevelopmentofcities,somebuildingscannotsatisfypeople’sneedanymoreandbecomeaburdenthatpreventsforwardmovement.Cityisnotamuseum,harddecisionofpreservingordemolishingbuildingsshouldbemade.Theimpulsetopreserveortodestroyismotivatedbynostalgia,desire,forprestige,forlegitimacyoreveneconomics.Nowadays,almosteverycityofChinaisinasituationofcollectiveamnesia,mostofthepeopleinChina,however,don’trealizethehorroroflosingthememoriesandidentityofcities.
InmodernChina,thecollectiveamnesiaofcitiesstartedfromtheCulturalRevolution.Itwasasocial-politicalmovementlaunchedbyMaofrom1966through1976.InordertorapidlyachievemodernizationandturnChinaintoamodern,prosperous,strong,socialistcountry,thecampaigntodestroy“theFourOlds”,(OldCustoms,OldCulture,OldHabits,andOldIdeas)wascalledonbytheleadersatthebeginningoftheCulturalRevolution(Fig.1).Duringthisnation-widecampaign,alargeamountoftangibleandintangibleculturalheritageweredestroyedanddemolished,especiallythosehistoricalbuildingsandsites.ThengraduallydominatedbymoreefficientandeconomicSocialistfunctionalismbuildings(Fig.2),whoseideologywas“Socialistcontentwithnationalform”.Atthattime,thepublic’slackofinterestinthepastwereverycommon,peoplesimplybelievedthatthoseculturalheritageweresymbolsofbackwardnessandwouldbeaburdenthatpreventsthemodernization.
Fig.1StudentsWereDestroying“TheFourOlds”
Fig.2UnifiedSocialistBuildings
Inthe1978,justaftertheCulturalRevolutionperiod,Chinaadoptedtheopen-doorpolicy.Themaingoalistosimplyachievemarketreformandmodernization.Intherecentpastthirtyyearsofpost-Maoistera,unprecedentedeconomicgrowth,urbanismandglobalizationhavetakenplace,especiallyincoastalcities.Since1978,Chinahasbeenexperiencingrapidcommodificationandprivatizationofland,ablossomingoflaborintensivecommodityindustriesfortheglobalmarket,andplacepromotionincities.Expeditiousurbanizationandgrowingnumberofruralmigrantsareattractedbyemploymentopportunitiesandadvancedmodernfacilitiesincitiesrequirelargescaleconstructionandurbandevelopment.Asaconsequence,thewholeChinahasbeenturnedintothelargestbuildingsiteintheworld.Largescaleurbanizationandintensivebuildingconstructionoflandmarkarchitecture,placebrandingandconsumptionwereinfullswing(Fig.3).Forinstance,the2008OlympicGameVillageinBeijing,high-endshoppingmalls,supermarkets,luxurioushotelsandinternationalchainstores.Inaddition,worshipandhaveblindfaithinforeignthingsbecamemoreandmoresevere.ManyChinesecontemporarybuildingshavebeengreatlyinfluencedbytheWesternarchitecturalideology,suchasInternationalstyleof“elitist”architecturebyRemkoolhaas,ZahaHadidorStevenHoll.PoorimitationofWesternarchitectureareregardedasasymbolofdevelopedeconomicinChina.Obviously,thosemimicbuildingsor“Internationalstyle”buildingsareunabletobeconsistentandharmoniouswithoutconsideringthelocalcontext(Fig.4).NowPeoplebegintorealizetherearehugecrisishiddeninthiskindofrapiddevelopment.Peopletakenoaccountofsustainabledevelopmentwhenfocusingoncurrentbenefit.Chinakeepsleadingconstructionquantityandspeedatthepriceofhistoryandnature.Sincenumerouscontroversialdecisionsweremadeorsupportedbygovernment,investorsandevenlocalcitizens,thousandsofdiversehistoricalbuildingsinChinahavebeenpulleddownduringthepastthirtyyears.Thememoriesofcitieshavefadedawayfollowedthedisappearanceofthosebuildings.IthastakenalongtimeforChineseplanningauthorities,designersandrelevantpeopletorealizethatlocaltraditionservesasresourceforrestoringidentityandplaysanextremelysignificantroleforthebuildingenvironment.Thecentralgovernmentrecognizedtheidentitycrisisandlaunchedlawsandregulationsconcernedwithurbanconservationandregeneration.Thelaunchofseveralgroupsofso-called“CulturalandHistoricalCities”since1982hasreinforcedhistoricalcitiestobeservedasentities,whichhasbeenaconceptualchangefromtheconservationofindividualbuildingstoabroadscalebuiltenvironment.By2009,therewere111historicalcitiesincluded.Besides,anumberofhistoricaltownshavebeenlistedforconservation.Accordingtothecentralgovernment’sguidelines,conservationaimstosustainandpreservethetraditionalcharacteristicswithappropriateurbandevelopment.Itisapparentthatthesecitiesandtownsarenotidentifiedtobepreservedasculturalmuseumsbuttobeallowedfordevelopmentinrespectoftraditionalcharacters.Theprincipleisprobablytoolooseandsubjecttolocaldecisionmakersanddesigners’judgmentonwhattraditionisandwhichtraditiontokeepinimplementation.Asaresult,fewpioneersofarchitectstriedtograspsomethingofChina’slostculturalidentityandrevivethosevaluablecollectivememoriesbyreconstructingandrenovatingofthosehistoricalbuildingsorsitesinso-calledinheritedandinnovativeways,normallywithpoliticalandfinancialsupportfromthegovernment.However,thesepioneersarestilllostininterpretingChinesetraditionalaestheticformsforaChinesepublic,inawayofduplicatinghistoricalstylesformallyorapplyingirrelevantformwouldmisinterpretandfailtorestoreidentity.Inotherwords,itisunabletomaintainthecollectivememories.Generallyspeaking,itisanissueabouthowtodealwiththerelationshipbetweentraditionandregion.
Fig.3ShanghaiPudongNewArea
Fig.4MimicEiffelTower
Fig.5Demolitionofhistoricalbuilding
RelationshipbetweenTraditionandRegioninthecircumstanceofglobalization
Ithinkitisessentialtoclarifytheideaoftradition,identity,andtheirimportanceinthetendencyofmodernizationandglobalization.Theroleoftraditionintheprocessofmodernizationhasdrawnvigorousdebatedoverthelastfewdecades.Traditionrepresentsthemassofindigenousculturalvalues,setsoflanguages,religiousandarangeofpsychologicalattitudesaboutsex,raceandethnicity,whichmodernityisassociatedwithhumantransformationofculture,rapidmobilization,classstratificationandconsumerism.Itisnowwidelyacknowledgedthattraditionandmodernityareco-exist,interpenetrateandinfluenceeachotherinaprocessofintegrationratherthantwopolarizedtypes.InChina,thisideaisexplicitintheemergenceofmodernityandadaptationofwesternproductsandcultureinpeople’sdailylives,communitiesandsocialinstitutionssincethe18thcentury.Theintegrationoftraditionandmodernity,ontheonehand,updatestraditioninapiecemealmanner,andontheotherhand,digestsmodernconceptsthatoftencomefromWesternculture.Therealchallengeoftheintegrationishowtoachieveaninternallyconsistentorder.InthecontemporaryChinesecontext,it’sachallengetoincorporatetraditionwithinthemodernizationprocessandtoachievetheconsistentorderinsocial,economic,politicalandenvironmentalaspects.
GlobalizationletsChinesetraditionandcultureencounterandinteractwithwesternculturalandinstitutionalelements.Sincethemiddle1970s,thetendencyofglobalizationismarkedbyintensiveinternationaltrade,globalproduction,investments,competitio
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