英语词汇学第五章复习资料Word格式.docx
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英语词汇学第五章复习资料Word格式.docx
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Not
all
the
words
that
are
produced
by
applying
rules
acceptable.
Rules
only
provide
a
constant
set
models
from
which
new
created
day
to
day.
themselves
not
fixed
but
undergo
changes.
affixation30%-40%
compounding28%-30%,conversion26%,
shortening8%-10%,(
andacronymy),
blending
and
others
1%-5%
二.
Affixation
(Derivation)
--
formation
adding
wordforming
or
derivational
affixes
stems.
(derivative派生词)According
their
position,
affixation
falls
into:
prefixation
suffixation.
1.
Prefixation
prefixes
It
does
change
word-class
ofthe
stem
its
meaning.
a).
Negative
prefixes–
a-
(abnormal),
dis-
(disobey),
in-
(il-,
ir-,
im-)
(injustice),
non-
(non-smoker),
un-(unwilling)
un-
most
productive
can
usually
replace
in-
dis-
with
adj.
b).
Reversative
de-
(decentralize),
(disunite),
(unwrap)
c).
mal-
(maltreat),
mis-
(mistrust),
pseudo-
(pseudo-science)
d).
Prefixesofdegreeorsize–
arch-(archbishop),
extra-(extra-strong),
hyper-(hyperactive),
macro-(macrocosm),
micro-(microcomputer),
mini-(mini-election),
out-(outlive),
over-(overweigh),
sub-(subheading),
super-
(superfreeze),
sur-
(surtax),
ultra-
(ultra-conservative),
under-(underdeveloped)
e).
Prefixes
orientation
attitude–
anti-
(anti-nuclear),
contra-
(contraflow),
counter-,
pro-(pro-student)
f).
Locative
extra-
(extraordinary),
fore-
(forehead),
inter-
(inter-city),
intra-
(intra-party),
tele-,
trans-
g).
time
order–
ex-
(ex-wife),
(foretell),
pre-,
re-
(reconsider)
h).
Number
Prefixes–
bi-,
multi-
(poly-)
(multi-purpose),
semi-
(hemi-),
tri-
(tricycle),
uni-(mono-)
(uniform)
i).
auto-,
neo-
(neo-Nazi),
pan-
(pan-European),
vice-
2).
Suffixation
--Suffixation
is
suffixes
Change
grammatical
function
stems
(the
word
class).
Suffixes
be
grouped
basis.
1.Noun
suffixes
1).Denominal
nouns
(名词+suffix
----名词)
a.
Concrete
-eer
(engineer),
-er
(teenager),
-ess
(hostess),
-ette
(cigarette),
-let
(booklet)
b.
Abstract
-age
(wastage),
-dom
(处于…状态)(officialdom),
-ery
(slavery),
(-ry),
-hood
(childhood),
-ing(farming),
-
ism(…主义)(terrorism),
-ship(状态)(sportsmanship)
2).Deverbal
(动词+suffix----名词)
a.
Denoting
people
-ant(assistant),
-ee
(trainee),
-ent
(respondent.[法]被告;
应答者),
-er(-or)
b.
action,
result,
process,
state,
ect.
(linkage
n.连接),
-al
(dismissal
n.解雇
),
-ance
(attendance),
-ation(-ition,
-tion,
-sion,
-ion),
-ence
(existence),
-ing
(savings),
-ment
(statement)
3).De-adjective
(形容词+suffix----名词)
-ity
(popularity),
-ness
(happiness)
Nouns
adjectives
-ese
(Chinese),
-an
(Australian),
-ist
(主义)
(socialist)
2.Adjective
1).Denominalsuffixes---ed(wooded),-ful(successful),-ish(foolish),-less(priceless),
-like(lady-like),-ly(friendly),
-y
(smoky)-al(-ial,
-
ical)
(cultural,
residential),
-esque
(picturesque),
-ic
(economic),
-ous(-eous,
-ious)
(coutageous)
-ic
and–ical
affixed
some
cases,
differ
Historic
(important
history)
historical
(of
Classic
(great,
memorable)
classical
Latin
Greek)
Comic
comedy)
comical
(funny)
Economic
(in
economy)
economical
(money-saving)
Electric
(powered
electricity)
electrical
electricity)
2).Deverbal
-able
(-ible)
(washable),
-ive(-ative,
-sive)
(active,
decisive)
3.Adverb
-ly
(calmly),
-ward(s)
(homewards),
-wise
(clockwise)
4.Verb
-ate(originate),
-en
(darken),
-(i)fy
(beautify),
-ize
(ise)
(modernize)
them
considered
slang.
三.Compounding(Composition)--Compounding
process
word-formation
joining
two
more
stems.
Compounds-alexicalunitconsistingof
morethanonestemandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemantically
as
single
word.
三种形式solid,
hyphenated,
open
1.Characteristics
(differ
free
phrases)
1).Phonetic
features
Compound
(not
absolute)
Free
phrase
Stress
first
element
Stress
second
element
2)Semantic
features
Compounds
different
phrases
semantic
unity.
Every
compound
should
express
idea
just
one
A
lot
compounds
transparent
meaning
inferred
separate
elements
compounds.
3)Grammatical
plays
role
sentence.
In
adjective-noun
compounds,
adjective
element
cannot
take
inflectional
suffixes.
Free
phrase
fine
art
finer
art
2.Formation
Most
consist
2
stems,
formed
rich
variety
patterns
internal
grammatical
relationship
within
complex.
1).Noun
2).Adjective
3).Verb
(through
back
formation)
4).Back
verb
mainly
dropping
suffixes,
-er,
-ing,-ion,
-etc.
四.Conversion
(zero-derivation,
functional
shift)
--Conversion
converting
class
another
class.
These
sense.
The
between
verbs.
range
1.Conversion
noun
Verb
noun-almost
monomorphemic
verbs
used
nouns.
1).
State
mind
sensation)
Event
activity
3).
Result
action
4).
Doer
5).
Tool
instrument
6).
Place
Adjective
(full
conversion,
partial
conversion)
1).Words
fully
converted-a
converted
an
has
characteristics
identical
article
or–e(s).
Wordspartiallyconverted–donotpossessallthequalitiesanoundoes.
Theymustbeusedtogetherwithdefinite
articles.
They
retain
features.
Words
this
generally
refer
group
thekind.
conversion
2.Conversion
Noun
verb-verbs
kind
transitive.
五.Blending—is
combining
parts
plus
part
word.
Head
+
tail
autocide
/
motel/
slurb
cremains
chunnel
Head
head
comsat
telex
Amerind
sitcom
FORTRAM
word
medicare
Eurasia
telequiz
atuocamp
Word
lunarnaut
bookmobile
workfare
tourmobile
The
overwhelming
majority
blends
nouns,
very
few
even
fewer.
六.Clipping–shorten
longer
cutting
origin
using
what
remains
instead.
People
tend
tove
writing
speech
keep
up
tempo
life
style.
Front
Quake
(earthquake)
Copter(helicopter)/
scope
(telescope)/
phone
(telephone)
Back
Dorm(dormitory)/momo(
)/stereo(
)/gent(
)/fan(
)/disco(
)
clipping()flu()
Phrase
clipping
Pub(
)/pop(
)/zoo(
)/perm(
)
七.Acronymy–joiningtheinitiallettersofnamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorspecialphrasesandtechnical
terms
1.Initialisms
initial
letters
pronounced
letters.
It‘s
formations
ofacronymy.
E.g.
IMF/ai
em
ef/=International
Monetary
Fund.
2.Acronymsare
words.
.
E.g.
NATO/'
neito/=North
Atlantic
Treaty
Organization.
八.Back-formation--
deletion
supposed
affix.
opposite
suffixation
九.Words
proper
names.Modern
large
number
come
Theyinclude
Names
1).Words
names
scientists,
investors,
etc.
these
usedas
measurements.
2).Some
characters
mythology.
3).Some
figures.
4).Some
literary
books.
2.Names
places
Manywordsdenotingproducts,objectsormaterialscomefromthenamesofplaceswheretheywerefirstproduced.
china
3.Names
books
4.Tradenames
When
communized,
many
have
lost
original
identity.
toother
classes.
also
Wordsthatarecommunizedfrompropernounshaverichcultur
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