语言学难点解说文档格式.docx
- 文档编号:17527456
- 上传时间:2022-12-07
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:20
- 大小:35.40KB
语言学难点解说文档格式.docx
《语言学难点解说文档格式.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语言学难点解说文档格式.docx(20页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety
Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.
Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.
2.
现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别?
Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;
itisbasedon"
high"
(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive;
itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokenlanguagedata.Itissupposedtobescientificandobjectiveandthetaskoflinguistsissupposedtodescribethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,whetheritis"
correct"
ornot.
3.
什么叫共时研究?
什么叫历时研究?
ThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisaSynchronicstudy;
thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Asynchronicstudyoflanguagedescribesalanguageasitisatsomeparticularpointinrime,whileadiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy;
itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
4.
人类语言的甄别性特征是什么?
1)Arbitrariness
Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Forinstance,thereisnonecessaryrelationshipbetweentheworddogandtheanimalitrefersto.Thefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguagesandthatthesamesoundmaybeusedtorefertodifferentobjectsisanothergoodexample.Althoughlanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.Somewords,suchasthewordscreatedintheimitationofsoundsbysoundsaremotivatedinacertaindegree.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.
2)Productivity
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingthosethattheyhaveneversaidorheardbefore.
3)Duality
Itmeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsatthelowerlevelandtheotherofmeaningsatthehigherlevel.Atthelowerorthebasiclevel,thereisthestructureofindividualandmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbegroupedintomeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdualityofstructureordoublearticulationoflanguageenablesitsuserstotalkaboutanythingwithintheirknowledge.
4)Displacement
Itmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutwhathappenedinthepast,whatishappeningnow,orwhatwillhappeninthefuture.Languagecanalsobeusedtotalkaboutourrealwordexperiencesortheexperiencesinourimaginaryworld.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.
5)Culturaltransmission
Whilewearebornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagearenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearnedanew.
5.Chomsky的语言能力和语言使用各指什么?
AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,
performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.
6.
Saussure是如何区分语言和言语的?
Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamousSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;
Itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;
itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently;
whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.
ChapterTwo
7.
语言交际的两大媒介是什么?
哪一个是基本的交际媒介?
为什么?
Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform,becausethespokenformispriortothewrittenformandmostwritingsystemsarederivedfromthespokenformoflanguage.
8.
语音学的三个分支是什么。
它们研究的对象各是什么?
Articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiesthehumanspeechorgansandthewayinwhichtheespeechsoundsareproduced.
Acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthephysicalpropertiesofthespeechsounds;
itdealswiththesoundwavesthroughtheuseofsuchmachinesasaspectrograph.
Auditoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheperceptionofsoundsbythehumanear.
9.
什么叫浊音化?
它是如何形成的?
Voicingistheresultofthevibrationofthevocalcords.Whenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchawayarevoiceless.Whenvocalcordsareheldtogethertautlysothattheairstreamvibratesthem,thesoundsproducedinthiswayarevoiced.
10.
宽式标音和严式标音有什么区别?
Thebroadtranscriptionisthetranscriptionofsoundsbyusingonelettertorepresentonesound.Thenarrowtranscriptionisthetranscriptionwithdiacriticstoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
11.
英语的辅音是如何分类的?
1)byplaceofarticulation:
a.
bilabialsuchas[p],[b],[m],[w]
b.
labiodentalsuchas[f],[v]
c.
dentalsuchas[θ],[T]
d.
alveolarsuchas[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]
e.
palatalsuchas[∫],[V],[t∫],[dV],[j]
f.
velarsuchas[k],[g],[N]
g.
glottalsuchas[h]
2)bymannerofarticulation.
Stopssuchas[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
Fricativessuchas[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[T],[∫],[V],[h]
Afficatessuchas[t∫],[dV]
Liquidssuchas[l],[r]
Nasalssuchas[n],[m],[N]
Glidessuchas[w],[j]
12.
英语的元音是如何分类的?
1)Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:
][i][e][A][a],centralvowelssuchas[\:
],[[],[Q]andbackvowelssuchas[u:
][J][C:
]and[B:
]intermsofthepositionofthetongueinthemouth.
2)Accordingtohowwideourmouthisopened,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:
closevowelssuchas[i:
],[i],[u:
],[J],semi-closevowelssuchas[e],[з:
],semi-openvowelssuchas[[],[C:
],andopenvowelssuchas[?
],[a],[Λ]and[ɑ:
].
3)Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.
4)TheEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowelsaccordingtothelengthofthesound.Thelongvowelsinclude[i:
][\:
][C:
][u:
][ɑ:
],whiletherestareshortvowels.
13.
语音学和音系学有什么区别?
Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;
itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:
howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;
itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.
14.
音素、音位和音位变体有什么区别?
Phonesarethespeechsoundsweusewhenspeakingalanguage.Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.;
somedo,somedon’t.
Aphonemeisabasicunitinphonology;
itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.
Itisnotasound,butacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.Inactualspeech,aphonemeisrealizedphoneticallyasacertainphone.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.
15.
什么是超音位特征?
它是如何影响语义的?
1)
ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,suchas`importandim`port.Thesimilaralternationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompundnounaaphraseconsistingofthesameelements.AphonologicalfeatureoftheEnglishcompounds,isthatthestressofthewordalwaysfallsonthefirstelementandthesecondelementreceive
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 难点 解说
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)