国际商务英语笔记Word文档格式.docx
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国际商务英语笔记Word文档格式.docx
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1. 商务知识
1.1GDPandGNP
A.GDPmarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.
B.GNPmarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.
1.2percapitaincomeandpercapitaGDP
1.3highincome,middleincomeandlowincomecountries
A.H:
annualpercapitaincomeof$9386andabove;
1).OECD;
2).richoilproducingcountriesoftheMiddleEast;
3).small-industrializedcountriesorregions;
B.M:
annualpercapitaincomebelow$9386butabove$765;
1).mostEastEuropeancountries;
2).mostmembersoftheCommonwealthofIndependentStates;
3).6OECDcountries;
4).quiteanumberofLatinAmericacountries;
5).someAsiancountries;
6).SouthAfrica,Libya,NigeriaandAlgeria;
C.L:
annualpercapitaincomeof$765andbelow;
1).mostAfricancountries;
2).someAsiancountries;
3).afewLatinAmericancountries;
1.4TriadandQuad
A.Triad:
US,WesternEuropeandJapan
B.Quad:
TriadandCanada
1.5otherimportantmarketsforChina
theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,IndiaandAustralia
L3RegionalEconomicIntegration
1商务知识
1.1majorobjectivesofregionalintegration
tobetterenjoythebenefitoffreeflowofgoods,services,capital,laborandotherresources.
1.2fourlevelsofregionaleconomicintegration
A.freetradearea
absencetradebarriers;
theNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA,formedbyUS,CanadaandMexico);
B.customsunion
practiceofcommonexternalpolicy;
SouthernConeCustomsUnion(Mercosur,formedbyArgentina,Brazil,ParaguayandUruguayin1991);
C.commonmarket
freeproductionfactormobility;
theEuropeanCommunity(1967-1994,becameatruecommonmarketin1992);
D.economicunion
integrationofthedomesticpolicies;
EuropeanUnion;
1.3EuropeanUnion(EU)
A.history
theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC,1952);
theTreatyofRome(1957,signedbyFrance,Germany,ItalyandtheBeneluxcountries);
theEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC,1957-1967);
theEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EURATOM,1957-1967);
theEuropeanCommunity(formedbymergingECSC,EECandEURATOM,1967-1994);
theSingleEuropeanAct(1992);
theMaastrichtTreaty(1994);
theEuropeanUnion(1994-);
B.structure
theEuropeanCommission(executivebody);
theCouncilofMinisters(decisionmaking);
theEuropeanParliament(membershipapplicationandtradeagreementapproval);
1.4Asia-PacificEconomicCooperation(APEC,has21members)
A.theSeoulDeclaration(1991);
B.afive-layerorganizationalstructure:
theInformalMeetingofEconomicLeaders(China,2001);
theDual-MinisterialMeeting;
theMeetingforMinistersResponsibleforTrade;
theSeniorOfficialsMeeting(SOM);
CommitteeofTradeandInvestment,EconomicCommittee,EconomicandTechnicalCooperationSubcommitteeofSOM,andBudgetManagementCommittee(foursubordinatecommitteesunderSOM);
C.objectives:
tradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILF)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH);
1.5OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC,13members,1960,Vienna)
L4EconomicGlobalization
1.商务知识
1.1economicglobalizationasanobjectivetrend
A.basicfeature:
freeflowofcommodity,capital,technology,service,andinformationin
theglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation;
B.advantagesandnegativeimpacts
a.advantages:
1).givingnewimpetusandprovidingopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopment;
2),makingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive;
b.disadvantage:
makingcountriesmorevulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrosstheglobe;
1.2multinationalcorporations
A.organization:
parentMNCandaffiliateMNC
B.characteristics:
1).enormoussize;
2).widegeographicalspread;
3).longevityandrapidgrowth;
C.twobasicneeds:
profitandsecurity;
D.roles:
asvehiclesforcross-bordertransferofresources;
E.fourtypes
1).multi-domesticcorporation(decentralized);
2).globalcorporation(powerandresponsibilityconcentratedattheheadquarters);
3).transnationalcorporation(integratedinanindependentnetworkofaffiliates);
4).worldcompany(internationalized)
L5InternationalTrade
(1)
1.1thedefintionofinternationaltrade
theexchageofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanoother.
1.2tworeasonsforinternationaltrade
A.theunevendistributionofnaturalresourcesamongcountries
B.internationalspecialization
1.3twotheoriesforinternationalspecialization
A.thetheoryofabsoluteadvantage
acommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources.
B.thetheoryofcomparativeadvantage
a.contentsofthetheory
evenifacountryislessefficientthananotherintheproductionofbothcommodities,thereisstillabasisformutuallybeneficialtrade.
b.notastaticconcept
Acountrymaydevelopaparticularcomparativeadvantagepurelythroughitsownactions.
c.thecornerstoneofmodernthinkingoninternationaltrade
d.DavidRicardo,theeconomistwhointroducedthetheory
L6InternationalTrade
(2)
1.1otherbasesfortradeamongcountries
A.patternsofdemand
B.economyofscale
C.innovationorstyle
1.2thereasonswhycompletespecializtionmayneveroccur
A.strategicordomesticreasons
B.transportcost
C.protectionistmeasures
1.3tariffbarriers--themostcommonformoftraderestriction
ataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea.
A.exportduty(taxleviedongoodsleavinganarea)
B.importduty(taxleviedongoodsenteringanarea)
a.specificduty
b.advaloremduty
c.compoundduty
C.drawback:
dutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarereturnedifthegoodsarereexported.
D.MFNtreatment:
atarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoall
signatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.
1.4quotas--themostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers
inquantityorvalumeterms,onacountryorglobalbasis,unilaterallyorbenegotiatedon"
voluntary"
basis
1.5invisibletrade
A.transportationserviceacrossnationalboundaries
maritimeshipsisthemostimportantmeans(GreeceandNorwayhavelargemaritimefleets)
B.insurance(Lloyd'
sofLondonisaleadingexporterofthisservice)
C.tourism
D.immigrantremittance:
themoneysentbacktohomecountriesbypeopleworkinginaforeignland
L7Incoterms2000
1.1theneseeityandpurposeofhavingIncoterms
1).toeliminateanyofmisunderstandingandsubsequentdispute;
2).toprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonly
usedtradetermsinforeigntrade.
1.2thereasonsforthe2000revisionofIncoterms
A.spreadofcustoms-freezones
B.changesintransportationpractices
C.increaseduseofelectroniccommunication
1.3thefourgroupsofInsoterms
A.GroupE:
thesellermakesthegoodsavailabletothebuyerattheseller'
sownpremises;
EXW(ExWorks);
B.GroupF:
theselleriscalledupontodeliverthegoodstocarrierappoinedbythebuyer;
FCA(Freecarrier);
FAS(FreeAlongsideShip);
FOB(FreeOnBoard);
C.GroupC:
thesellerhastocontractforcarriage,butwithoutassumingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsoradditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringaftershipmentanddispatch;
CFR(CostandFreight);
CIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight);
CPT(CarriagePaidTo);
CIP(CarriageandInsurancePaidto);
D.GroupD:
thesellerhasbearallcostsandrisksneededtobringthegoodstothecountryofdestination;
DAF(DeliveredAtFrontier);
DES(DeliveredExShip);
DEQ(DeliveredExQuay);
DDU(DeliveredDutyUnpaid);
DDP(DeliveredDutyPaid)
1.4thethreemostcommonlyusedterms
A.FOB(freeonboard)
B.CFR(costandfreight)
C.CIF(cost,insuranceandfreight)
1.5chandgestosomeareas
A.thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;
B.theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA;
L8BusinessContract
1.1thedefinitionofthecontract
anagreementwhichsetsforthbindingobligationsoftherelevantparties.
1.2twotypesofbusinessnegotiation:
oralandwritten
1.3processofnegotiationandconclusionofthecontract
A.inquiry(enquiry)
afirstenquiryshouldcontent:
1).howthenameandaddressoftheexporterhavebeenabtained;
2).thebusinesslineandusualpracticeoftheimporter;
B.quotation
afirmoffershouldmadeof:
1).thetimeofshipmentandthemodeofpaymentdesired;
2).anexactdescriptionofthegoods;
3).thevalidityperiod;
C.offerandacceptance
D.counter-offer
acounter-offermaybemadeinrelationto:
1).price;
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