虚拟城市设计基于城市形象的理论外文翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx
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虚拟城市设计基于城市形象的理论外文翻译Word文档下载推荐.docx
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VirtualCityDesignBasedonUrbanImageTheory
Thispaperaimstoevaluatewhateffectapplyingresidents'
urbanimagetovirtualcitydesign(arealtimevirtualmodelofanactualcity).TwoexperimentswereconductedtocomparetwovirtualcitydesignsusingthevirtualmodelofTelAvivcity.Onedesignincludedhighlightedurbanelementsfromtheresidents'
urbanimage,whileintheseconddesignnohighlightedelementswereincluded.Theexperimentsprovedthatusingtheelementsoftheresidents'
urbanimageinavirtualcitydesignenhancestheperformanceofallparticipantsinthewayfindingtasks,andespeciallythosewithalowlevelofspatialknowledge.Analysisofthetrajectorypatternsandtheverbalreportsoftheparticipantsduringnavigationshowedthattheurbanimagedesignfacilitatesamoreintensiveuseofaposition-basedstrategy,inadditiontothepath-integrationwayfindingstrategy,whichwasfoundtobedominantinthevirtualmodelwithoutthehighlightedurbanimageelements.Onthebasisofthesefindingsweproposeprinciplesfordesigningvirtualcitiesfromaperspectiveofwayfinding.[ABSTRACTFROMAUTHOR]
CopyrightofCartographicJournalisthepropertyofManeyPublishinganditscontentmaynotbecopiedoremailedtomultiplesitesorpostedtoalistservwithoutthecopyrightholder'
sexpresswrittenpermission.However,usersmayprint,download,oremailarticlesforindividualuse.Thisabstractmaybeabridged.Nowarrantyisgivenabouttheaccuracyofthecopy.Usersshouldrefertotheoriginalpublishedversionofthematerialforthefullabstract.(CopyrightappliestoallAbstracts.)
VirtualTelAvivofferstheuserareal-time,ying–basednavigationmodeover
TelAvivcity,anareaofabout50squarekm.ThemodelwasbuiltintheEnvironmentalSimulationLaboratoryatTelAvivUniversitywithSkyline4.5software.Usingthissoftware,weinterpolatedaDTM
Pointlayer(inaresolutionof50m)ofTelAvivintoarasterlayerofthecity’saltitudes.ThenweaddedanorthophotoofTelAviv(inaresolutionof25cm),and
usingthesealtitudes,weestablisheda3Dvisualizationofthecityterrain.Afterwards(inexperiment2)weaddedGISlayersoftheTelAviv‘urbanimage’objects(paths,landmarks,nodes,edgesanddistricts)asshowninFigure1.Theseobjectswerehighlightedbycolour(differentcoloursforlinearandnon-linearobjects)andlabels(astextnexttotheobject).
InordertoconstructtheurbanimageofTelAviv,32residentsofthecitywereasked‘todrawamapofTelAvivandtodrawthedominantelementsinit(nomorethan15elements)’.Wedecidedtolimitthenumberoftheelementsto15sothatonlythemostimageableelementswouldemerge,aswellastocreateacommonunderstandingoftheassignmentforallparticipants.Wethengatheredthedatafromtheindividualsketchmapsintooneaggregatemaprepresentingtheresidents’urban
imageofTelAviv.Inordertocreatearepresentativeurbanimage,onlythoseelementsthatappearedinmorethantwosketchmapswereincludedinthisaggregatemap.
Twenty-fourparticipants(15maleand9female),26to58yearsofage,tookpartintheexperiments.Noneoftheseparticipantshadtakenpartindrawingthesketchmapsfromwhichweevaluatedtheurbanimageforuseintheexperiments.AllparticipantsdeclaredtheyknewthecityofTelAviv‘well’.Tomakesuretheywerefamiliarwiththecity,alistofninewell-knownlocationsinTelAvivwasreadtothem,andtheywereaskedwhethertheyknewtheirexactlocations.
Twoexperimentswereconductedbydividingtheparticipantsintotwogroupsof12.Inexperiment1,thedesignofthevirtualmodeldidnotincludeanyhighlightedlandmarks,whileinexperiment2thedesignofthevirtualmodelincludedhighlightedurbanelementsfromtheresidents’urbanimage.(Inthisexperimentweaddedthe
resFinally,furtherattentionshouldbepaidtoimageryasrepresentedbydifferentgroups,allowingdueconsiderationofthewiderpicureoftheappropriatenessofmajorculturaleventsasareimagingstrategyforcontemporarycitieswitharrangeofsocialandculturaljusticeissues.identsurbanimageasaGISlayer.)Theparticipants
ofbothexperimentshadtocompletethefollowingsteps:
EachsubjectwasprovidedwithanA4sheetofpaper,onwhichthemunicipal
bordersofTelAvivwereasked.Inordertogivetherespondentsreferencepoints,wealsomarkedtwoveryfamiliarlandmarksalongthecoastlineofTelAviv—thenew
TelAvivportandtheoldJeffaport.Themainnationalhighway(AyalonHighway)wasalsomarked(Figure2).
Allparticipantsweregiventhesameinstruction:
‘Pleasemarkeachoftheabove
sitesonthemap,asaccuratelyasyoucan’.Theninesiteswerethosewhichwereread
tothematthebeginningoftheexperiment,andtheyincludesixlocationsintheway,ndingtasks(theclocktowerinJaffa,theIsraelMuseum,HabimahNationalTheater,CityHall,Yehuda-MaccabiStreetandthecentralbusstation)andthreeothercentrallocations(theTelAvivMuseumofArt,theAzrielimallandtherailwaystation).Thelocationsofthenineelementsforeachmapgivenbytheparticipantswerecomparedtotheirreallocations—providingameandistanceerrorvalueforeach
participant.Suchinformation
Avirtualcityisareal-timemodelofanactualcitythatenables.Theusertowalkthroughor,yoveracertainarea.Suchmodelshavebeenconstructedrecentlyformanycities,e.g.LosAngeles,Philadelphia,London,Barcelona,Glasgow,TokyoandTelAviv,thankstoimprovementsingeovisua-lizationtools(computergraphics,GISetc).Currently,theresearchinthis,eldtendstoconcentrateonthemodels’technologicaldimensionsandtheirimplementationsforsupportingurbanplanningandvariousdecision-makingprocesses(FisherandUnwin,2001;
Laurini,2001;
Jiangetal.,2003).However,withafewexceptions,whichincludeaconceptualdiscussiononcognitiveissuesforvirtualenvironmentdesign(Slocumetal.,2001)andaconsidera-tionofway,ndingaspectsinavirtualcitiesdesign(Bourdakis,998;
Omeretal.),littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheway,ndingdif,cultiesthatcharacterize
thesemodelsandtheirdesignimplications.
Virtualcitiesareuniquewhencomparedtoothergeographical
representationsofthecity,suchasmaps,aerialphotographsorstatic3Dmodels,duetothereal-timemovementwithinthem,whichischaracterizedbyhighspeedoflocomotion,different3Dviewingperspectivesandvaryinggeographicalscales.Thesecharacteristicsofvirtualcitiescouldentailunfamiliaruserbehavior,resultingin
way,ndingdif,cultiesfortheusersi.e.dif,cultiesinlocatingtheircurrentpositionand,ndingtheirwaytoadesiredlocation.Inaddition,usersmayexperiencedif,cultiesoforientationjustasusersofanydesktopvirtualenvironment(VE).Thesedif,cultiesarerelatedtothelackof‘presence’,i.e.‘theparticipant’ssenseof‘beingthere’inthevirtualenvironment’(Slateretal.,1994),perspectivedistortionsandtheuseofstandardinputdevicesthatmightaffectperformanceduringnavigation(DarkenandSibert,1996;
Ruddleetal.,1997;
HarrisandJenkinetal.,2000;
Whitelocketal.,2000;
Jansenetal.,2001).
Enhancingway,ndingperformanceinavirtualcitydesignaimstohelpcityresidentstransfertheirimageandspatialknowledgefromtherealcitytoitsvirtualmodel.Lynch’surbanimagetheory(Lynch,1960)couldbeanappropriatetooltoattainthisgoalsinceitenablesustoseehowcityresidentsperceivetheircity.Theurbanimage,orcityimage,isactuallytheoverlapofmanyindividualimages,Lynchclaims‘whicharetheresultofatwo-wayprocessbetweentheobserverandhis
environment.Theenvironmentsuggestsdistinctionsandrelations,andtheobserver[…]selects,organizesandendowswithmeaningwhathesees’(Lynch,1960,p.6).Theunderlyingassumptionisthatthecityimage,whichisobtainedfromsketchmapsorinterviews,providesinformationontheimageabilityofthecityelements.Lynchde,nedimage-abilityasa‘qualityinaphysicalobjectwhichgivesitahighprobabilityofevokingastrongimageinanygivenobserver’(Lynch,1960,p.9).Indiscussingrealcitydesignbytheseelements,Lynchsuggeststheycanbeclassi,ed
convenientlyinto,vetypesofelements:
paths,edges,districts,nodesandlandmarks,whichshouldbepatternedtogethertoprovideanimagebleenvironment..
ThoughLynch’surbanimagetheoryhasnotbeenappliedtothedesignofa
virtualcity,itsef,ciencyforenhancingway,ndinghasbeenprovedinmanyotherVE
studies.Itwasfoundthatroute-,ndingperformanceoftheVEuserimprovedwhen
familiarobjectswereplacedwithintheVEthanwhennolandmarkswereused(Ruddleetal.,1997).Inaddition,theimportanceoftherelationsbetweenLynch’s
elementtypesfornavigationenhancementisemphasizedinVEstudies.Theserelationshavebeenfoundtohelpusersstructuretheirspatialrepresentationin
differingscales(Vinson,1999;
DarkenandSibert,1996).Whilethesestudiesdonotinvolvereallarge-scaleVE,Al-Kodmany(2001)usedLynch’stheoryasaframework
whencombiningWeb-basedmultimediatechnologytoassistesidentsandplannersinvisualizingacommunityinChicagoby‘visualizingselectedareasthatwereselected
asmostimageablebytheresidentsthemselves’(Al-Kodmany,2001,p.811).
Theaimofthispaperistostudytheeffectthatavirtualcitydesignbasedonresidents’urbanimagehasonway,ndingperformance.Tothatend,twovirtualcity
designsofTelAvivcitywerecompared.(ThevirtualmodelofTelAvivcitywillbereferredtointhispaperas‘
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