工程管理外文翻译Word格式.docx
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工程管理外文翻译Word格式.docx
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Biddingpracticesofthepublicandprivatesectorsoftheindustrydiffertremendously.Thetermpublicinthiscontextmeansthattheconstructionworkisfinancedbypublicfundsintheformoftaxdollarortheproceedsfromthesaleofmunicipal,state,orfederalbonds.
Publicandprivateworkhavedifferentbidrules.Publicconstructioncontractsareadvertisedandletinaccordancewiththebiddingstatutesandotherlegislativelymandatedrulesoftheparticulargovernmentalentitythatispayingfortheinstructionwork.Forinstance,whentheworkisfinancedwithfederalfunds,thelawsandregulationspromulgatedbyfederalagenciesandbodiesgoverntheprocessofadvertisingandawardingconstructioncontracts.Similarly,state,county,andmunicipalgovernmentshavestatutesandregulationsthatgovernwhentheirfundsareusedtopayforthecostofthework.Inaddition,specialgovernmentalorquasi-governmentalbodiessuchassewerorrapidtransitdistrictsareoftenestablishedbyspecialenablinglegislation.Theenablinglegislationusuallyprovidesdefinitiverulesforadvertisingandawardingtheconstructioncontractsrequiredtocarryoutthemissionoftheparticularspecialbodyinvolved.
Unlikepublicowners,privateownerscanestablishwhateverrulesthattheywant.Theyalsocanchangetherulesatwillwiththeresultthattheserulesarenotnecessarilyobserved.Althoughthepublicownerhastheabilitytosetparticularrulesandtochangethembyissuinganaddendumtothebiddingdocuments,thepowerisseverelyregulated.Abiddocumentaddendumisamodificationtothebiddingdocumentsformallyissuedbytheownertoallholdersofbiddingdocumentsbeforebidsarereceived.Inthepublicsector,theremustbeareasonabletimeperiodfromtheissuedateofthelastaddendumissuedandthedateoftheopeningtoensurethatallbiddershavesufficienttimetoreflectproperlytheimportoftheaddendumintheirbids.Biddersarerequiredtolistonthebidformalladdendareceivedfortheirbidstobeconsideredresponsive.Failuretolistaddendamayresultinthebidbeingrejected.
Intheprivatesectoranythingcanhappen,whereasinthepublicsectortheresultwillusuallybethatthejobwillbeawardedtothelowest“responsive”and“responsible”bidder.Thesetermshave
importantspecialmeaningsthatwillbediscussedlaterinthechapter.
2.PublicBiddingStatutes
Therequirementsofthefederal,state,andlocalbiddingstatutesandresultingregulationsmaketheoutcomeofthebiddingprocessinthepublicsectorverypredictablecomparedtotheprivatesector.Thepurposesofpublicbiddingstatutesare:
1.Toprotectpublicfunds.Inotherwords,biddingstatutesaredesignedtoensurethatthepublicpaystheminimumpossiblepriceforconstructionworkdeterminedbyopencompetitivebidding.
2.ToprotectandensureacontinuationofthefreeenterprisesystemuponwhichthepoliticalandeconomicstructureoftheUnitedStatesisfounded.
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Thepublicbiddingstatutesarestringentlywrittenandenforcedtoensurethatpublicsectorconstructioncontractingremainshonest.Increasing,thosewhoviolatetherulesfindthemselvessubjecttobothcivilandcriminalliability.Errantconstructioncompanieshavebeenassessedlargefinesandtheirownersorofficerssenttoprisonalongwithcorruptpublicofficialswhohavebeencaught,tried,andconvictedofviolatingthepublictrust..
3.BiddingDocuments
Thefirstcategory,biddingdocuments,normallybeginswithanadvertisement,originallydiscussedinChapter1.Thebacksectionofcontemporaryindustryperiodicals,suchastheEngineeringNewsRecord,containsaplethoraofbidadvertisementidentifiestheprojectforwhichbidsaredesired,theowner,thetimeandplaceofthebidopening,andinstructionstopotentialbiddersonhowtoobtainafullsetofcontractdocuments.
TheseconddocumentinthebiddinggroupisusuallytheInvitationforBids(IFB)or,sometimes,aRequestforproposal(RFP).ThefederalgovernmentandsomeotherownersusetheIFBwhenbiddersmuststrictlyconformtothedrawingsandspecificationsandtheRFPWhenbiddersmayproposevariationsfortheproject.Bothtypicallyincludethefollowing:
Adescriptionofthecontractwork
Theidentityoftheowner
Theplace,date,andprecisetimeofthebidopening
Thepenalsumoftherequiredbonds(bidbond,performancebond,andlaborandmaterialpaymentbond)
Adescriptionofthedrawingsandspecifications,theircost,andwheretheymaybeobtained
Thelengthoftimeafterbidopeningthatbidswillbedeemedgood(durationofbids)
Rulesregardingthewithdrawalormodificationofbidsandlatebids
Informationregardinganyplannedpre-bidconferencesandpre-bidsiteinspections
Particularrequirementsoflawofwhichtheownerwantsbidderstobeaware
Anyspecialinstructions,otherrequirements,orotherinformationthattheownerwantstopointouttobidders.
InadditiontotheIFBorRFP,thecontractdocumentmayalsocontainasectorcalledInstructionstoBidders.WhenusedthissectionisanadjuncttotheinstructionportionoftheIFBorRFP.SometimesallnecessaryinstructionsareconcontainedwithintheIFBorRFP,andthereisnoseparateinstructionstoBidderssection.Morelogically,theInstructionstoBiddersisaseparatedocument,andtheIFBorRFPcontainsalloftheothernecessarybutnon-instructionalinformationthatabidderneeds.
Ineverycase,thecontractdocumentscontaintheBidForm..Bidderscompletethisdocument,sign,seal.,andturnitinattheappointedplace,priortothedeadlinesetforthesubmittalofbid.ThefullyexecutedBidFormconstitutesthe“offer”elementnecessaryforcontract
formation,discussedinCharter2.NotethattheBidFormmustbecompletelyfilledout,signed,andsealed,alltheaccordancewiththeIFBorRFPandtheInstructionstoconstitutearesponsivebid.ThecontentsoftheBidFormusuallyincludethefollowing:
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1.Adefinitivestatementofthegeneraltermsandconditionsoftheoffer.Thisstatementisnormallyunilaterallydeterminedbytheownerandispreprintedontheform.
2.Theformatofthecommercialtermsapplyingtotheoffer.Again,thisformatisnormallydeterminedunilaterallybytheownereitherasasinglelumpsumtotalpriceorasascheduleofbid-termprices.Inthefirstcase,thebidformcontainsasingleblankspaceinwhichthebidderisinstructedtoenterasinglelumpsumpricefortheentireproject.Inthesecondcase,theformcontainsanumberedseriesofallbiditemsfortheproject,eachconsistingofadescriptionoftheworkfordiscretepartsoftheprojectandeitherblanksforunitpriceextensionandlumpsumprice.Witheitherasinglelumpsumformatoraschedule-of–bid-itemsformat,thebidderfillsintheblanksfordefiningtheprecisecommercialtermsofthebid.
3.Supplementaryinformationthattheownermaywanttoknowaboutthebidder.Thisusuallyconsistsofinformationaboutthebidder’sfinancialstrengthandpastexperience.
AdditionalInformationforfederalbidsThebidformforfederalcontractscontainsanumberof“CertificationsandRepresentations”inaffidavitform,suchasnon-collusionandnon-segregated
facilitiesaffidavits,requiredtocomplywithfederallaw.
4.Affirmativeactionrequirementsforpublicproject..BidFormsforpublicprojectusuallyrequirewrittengoalsandtimetablesformeetingtherequirementsofequalopportunitylegislationandminoritybusinessenterprise/womenbusinessenterpriserequirements.
5.Bidsecurity.Finally,theBidFormmustcontaintherequiredbidsecurity,usuallyintheformofabidbondissuedbyanapprovedsurety.Sometimes,acertifiedcheckmustbepresentedforthebidsecurity.
Oddlyenough,privatesectorbidsoftenrequiremuchmoresupplementaryinformationontheBidformthandopublicsectorbids.And,amongpublicprojects,Bidformsforfederalcontractsusuallyrequirelesssupplementaryinformationthantheaverage.
AfinalinterestingpointconcerningbiddingdocumentsisthattheAIAapproachexcludesthebiddingdocumentsformthecontract.Article1ofAIAA-201,GeneralconditionsofthecontractforConstruction,state.
TheContractDocumentsdonotincludeBiddingDocumentssuchastheAdvertisementorInvitationtoBid,theInstructionstoBidders,sampleforms,theContractor’sBidorportionsofAddenda
relatingtoanyofthese,oranyotherdocumentsunlessspecificallyenumeratedintheOwner-ContractorAgreement.
4.GeneralConditionofcontract
ThesecondsectionofthedocumentsthatnormallycomprisethecontractistheGeneralConditionsofcontract,oftenreferredtosimplyastheGeneralConditions,orsometimes,GeneralProvisions.Herearefoundverydefinitivestatements,clausebyclauseofallgeneraltermsandconditionthatgoverntheperformanceofthecontractwork.Inthecaseofthefederalgovernmentandotheragenciesthatfrequentlycontractforconstructionwork,thegeneralconceptofthissectionofthedocumentsistoincludeallclausesthatwillremainthesame,contractaftercontract,changingveryinfrequently.Many
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ofthesestandardclausesinfederalcontractspertaintotherequirementsoftheFederalAcquisitionRegulations,whichbylawmustbeincludedineveryfederalconstructioncontract.
5.Specifications
Thetechnicalrequirementsforeachdivisionofworkinthecontractwillbecompletelydetailedinthatsectionofthecontractdocum
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