Modernist Painting.docx
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Modernist Painting.docx
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ModernistPaintingClementGreenberg:
thecollectedessaysandcriticism/editedbyJohnO'Brian(Chicago:
UniversityofChicagoPress,1986).
ClementGreenberg
Modernismincludesmorethanartandliterature.Bynowitcoversalmostthewholeofwhatistrulyaliveinourculture.Ithappens,however,tobeverymuchofahistoricalnovelty.Westerncivilizationisnotthefirstcivilizationtoturnaroundandquestionitsownfoundations,butitistheonethathasgonefurthestindoingso.IidentifyModernismwiththeintensification,almosttheexacerbation,ofthisself-criticaltendencythatbeganwiththephilosopherKantBecausehewasthefirsttocriticizethemeansitselfofcriticism,IconceiveofKantas,thefirstrealModernist
TheessenceofModernismlies,asIseeit,intheuseofcharacteristicmethodsofadisciplinetocriticisethedisciplineitselfnotinordertosubvertitbutinordertoentrenchitmorefirmlyinitsareaof∞mpetence.Kantusedlogictoestablishthelimitsoflogic,andwhilehewithdrewmuchfromitsoldjurisdiction,logicwasleftallthemoresecureinwhatthereremainedtoit
Theself-criticismofModernismgrowsoutofbutisnotthesamethingas,thecriticismoftheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentcriticizedfromtheoutside,thewaycriticisminitsacceptedsensedoes;Modernismcriticizesfromtheinside,throughtheproceduresthemselvesofthatwhichisbeingcriticized.Itseemsnaturalthatthisnewkindofcriticismshouldhaveappearedfirstinphilosophy,whichiscriticalbydefinition,butasthe19thcenturyworeon,itenteredmanyotherfields.Amorerationaljustificationhadbeguntobedemandedofeveryformalactivity,andKantianself-criticism,whichhadariseninphilosophyinanswertothisdemandinthefirstplace,wascalledoneventuallytomeetandinterpretitinareasthatlayfarfromphilosophy.
Weknowwhathashappenedtoanactivitylikereligion,whichcouldnotavailitselfofKantian,immanent,criticisminordertojustifyitself.Atfirstglancetheartsmightseemtohavebeeninasituationlikereligion's.HavingbeendeniedbytheEnlightenmentalltaskstheycouldtakeseriously,theylookedasthoughtheyweregoingtobeassimilatedtoentertainmentpureandsimple,andentertainmentitselflookedasthoughitweregoingtobeassimilated,likereligion,totherapy.Theartscouldsavethemselvesfromthislevelingdownonlybydemonstratingthatthekindofexperiencetheyprovidedwasvaluableinitsownrightandnottobeobtainedfromanyotherkindofactivity.
Eachart,itturnedouζhadtoperformthisdemonstrationonitsownaccountWhathadtobeexhibitedwasnotonlythatwhichwasuniqueandirreducibleinartingeneral,butalsothatwhichwasuniqueandirreducibleineachparticularartEacharthadtodetermine,throughitsownoperationsandworks,theeffectsexclusivetoitself.Bydoingsoitwould,tobesure,narrowitsareaofcompetence,butatthesametimeitwouldmakeitspossessionofthatareaallthemorecertain.
Itquicklyemergedthattheuniqueandproperideaof∞mpetenceofeachartcoincidedwithallthatwasuniqueinthenatureofitsmedium.Thetaskofself-criticismbecametoeliminatefromthespecificeffectsofeachartanyandeveryeffectthatmightconceivablybeborrowedfromorbythemediumofanyotherartThuswouldeachartberendered"pure,"andinits"purity"findtheguaranteeofitsstandarsofqualityaswellasofitsindependence."Purity"meantself-definition,andtheenterpriseofself-criticismintheartsbecameoneofself-definitionwithavengeance.
Realistic,naturalisticarthaddissembledthemedium,usingarttoconcealart;ModernismusedarttocallattentiontoartThelimitationsthatconstitutethemediumofpainting-theflatsurface,theshapeofthesupportthepropertiesofthepigment-weretreatedbytheoldmastersasnegativefactorsthatcouldbeacknowledgedonlybyimplicitlyorindirectly.UnderModernismthesesamelimitationscametoberegardedaspositivefactors,andwereacknowledgedopenly.ManetsbecamethefirstModernistpicturesbyvirtueofthefranknesswithwhichtheydeclaredtheflatsurfacesonwhichtheywerepainted.TheImpressionists,inManetswake,abjuredunderpaintingandglazes,toleavetheeyeundernodoubtastothefactthatthecolorstheyusedweremadeofpaintthatcamefromtubesorpots.Cezannesacrificedversimilitude,orcorrectness,inordertofithisdrawinganddesignmoreexplicitlyintotherectangularshapeofthecanvas.
Itwasthestressingoftheineluctableflatnessofthesurfacethatremained,however,morefundamentalthananythingelsetotheprocessesbywhichpictorialartcriticizedanddefineditselfunderModernism.ForflatnessalonewasuniqueandexclusivetopictorialartTheenclosingshapeofthepicturewasalimitingcondition
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