耶鲁大学开放课程OpenYaleCourseIntroduction to Psychology 12Word文件下载.docx
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耶鲁大学开放课程OpenYaleCourseIntroduction to Psychology 12Word文件下载.docx
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recontinuingalongcertainthemes.
Iwanttobeginbyrespondingtoaquestionwhichwasraisedinthelastclassconcerningsmilingandnonhumanprimates.Itwasaverygoodquestion.Theissuewas:
weknowthathumanshavedifferentsortsofsmilestoconveydifferentsortsofinformation.Thequestionwas,"
dononhumanprimates,likechimpanzeesorgorillasorgibbons,havethesamemanysortsofsmiles?
"
So,Icontactedtheworld'
sexpertonsmiling,whodidnotreturnmye-mails.So,Icontactedthesecondworld'
sexpertonsmilingwhotoldmethattheansweris"
no,"
thatprimate--nonhumanprimatesmilesactuallycorrespondalmostentirelytoappeasementsmiles.They'
re"
don'
thurtme"
smiles.They'
reequivalenttothe"
coysmile"
thatwesawonhumans.Butthatnonhumanprimatesdonotusesmilesforgreetings;
there'
snoequivalenttothe"
greetingsmile"
or"
PanAmsmile"
;
nordotheyusethemasgenuineexpressionsofhappiness.There'
Duchennesmile."
That'
sasfarasIknow.Iftheworld'
sexpertgetsbacktomeandsayssomethingdifferent,I'
llkeepyouposted.
Anotherthing.Goingbacktothebeginningthemeoftheclass,whatwestarted--justtoreview,wetalkedaboutthedifferentfunctionsofemotions.Andthenwetalkedaboutsmilingandfacialexpressions.Andthenweturnedtosome--toanonsocialemotion,thecaseoffear.Andthenweshiftedtosocialemotions.Andwetalkedaboutsocialemotionstowardskinandthespecialevolutionaryreasonsthatwouldleadthemtoevolve.Andaswewereending,weweretalkingabouttherelationshipbetweenananimalanditschildren,particularlyincaseslikehumansandbirdsandmammalswheretheretendstobeacloserelationshipwithourchildren.
Weinvestinquality,notquantity.Imightproduceveryfewchildreninmylife.Andmyevolutionarytrickthenistofocusveryintentlyonthemandmakesuretheysurvive.IfIweretoproduce100children,Icouldstandtoloseafew,butifIjustproducefiveinmylifetimeortwoorone,theybecomeveryprecioustome.Andso,thestoryoftheevolutionofaspecieslikeusinvolvesalongperiodofdependenceanddeep,deepbondsbetweentheparentandthechild.Andthat'
spartofwhatItalkedabout,howparentsrespondtochildren.
AndIwanttobeginthisclassbygivinganillustrationfromadocumentaryaboutparentalresponsetochildren,butIwanttogiveitinaspeciesthat'
snotus.Andhereiswhy.I'
llexplainwhywithananalogy.Ihaveafriendofminewhostudiesthepsychologyofreligion.Hestudieswhypeopleholdreligiousbeliefs.Andhetellsmethatwhenhe'
stalkingtoanonspecialist,somebodynotinthefield,hedoesn'
tevertellthem,"
Yeah,I'
mreallyinterestedinwhypeoplebelieveintheBibleorwhypeoplelightthecandlesonSabbathorwhypeoplegotochurch"
becausethesearereligionsthatpeoplearoundherehold,andifyoutellpeopleyoustudythemthey'
llsortofbepuzzled,"
whywouldyouwanttostudysomethinglikethat"
oroffended.Ifyouwanttotalkaboutthepsychologyofreligiontoanaudiencelikethis,whatyoudoisyoustartwiththeexotic.So,youstartbytalkingaboutpeoplewhoputbutterontheirheads.
DanSperbertalksaboutaculturewherethemenputbutterontheirheadsinthesummer.Anditkindofmeltsandthat'
spartof--oneofthethingsthattheydoor--youtalkaboutaculturethatbelievesinspiritsorthattreescantalk.Yousayyou'
restudyingitandtheysay,"
Oh,that'
sinteresting.Iwonderwhytheybelievethat?
Andyouusethatasawaytolookatmoregeneralfactsthatexisteveninourculture.Youusethefactthatwedon'
ttaketheexoticforgrantedasawaytomotivatethescientificstudyofthingswedotakeforgranted.
Andthisis,ofcourse,truemoregenerally.ThiswasthepointintheWilliamJamesquotewhenhetalkedaboutthingsthatarenaturaltousandnoticedthatsomeveryoddthingsareequallynaturaltootherspecies.Andit'
strue,Ithink,inparticularwhenwetalkaboutthingslikethelovewehaveforourchildren.So,onewaytolookatthelovewehaveforourchildrenscientifically,isn'
ttolookatithead-on,becausethelovewefeeltowardsourownchildrenfeelssacred,itfeelsspecial,butlookatitinotherspecies.Andso,oneofthenicestillustrationsofthisistheEmperorpenguin,whichwas--which--whosechildcareandmatingpracticesweredramatizedinawonderfulmoviecalled"
MarchofthePenguins."
Andthisisinterestingbecausetheyhadthisincrediblyelaborateandquiteprecarioussystemofgeneratingandtakingcareofoffspring.
So,Iwanttoshowyouabriefclipofthemovietoillustratesomepartsofthis.Whattheydoatthebeginning,whichisnot--whichleadsuptothis,istheytakeaverylongtrekfromthewatertotheirbreedinggrounds.Theirbreedinggroundsis--areprotectedfromthewindandthey'
reonafirmpieceoficesotheycouldholdthewholepack.Theydothebreedingthereandit'
stherethattheeggsarecreated.So,thisiswherethemoviebeginsatthispoint.[clipplaying]
MarchofthePenguins"
wasthesecondbest--secondmostpopulardocumentaryofalltime,beatenonlyby"
Fahrenheit9/11."
Andpeoplerespondedtoitindifferentways,whichareinformativewhenwethinkaboutthegeneralizationsyoucouldmakefromanimalbehaviortohumanbehavior.Someconservativecommentatorssawthisasacelebrationoffamilyvalues,suchasloveandtrustandmonogamy.Someliberals,whohateeverythingthat'
sgoodandtrue,[laughter]respondedbysaying,"
Well,yeah,they'
remonogamousforonebreedingseason.It'
sayear.Thentheygoandfindanothermate.Ifyouadditup,it'
sprettyslutty."
[laughter]
Ithinkmoretothepoint,peoplewereimpressedandstunnedbytherichandarticulateandsystematicbehaviorthattheseanimalswereshowing.Plainly,theydidn'
tpickitupfromtelevision,movies,culture,learning,schooling,andsoon.Tosomeextent,thissortofcomplicatedbehaviorcamenaturaltothem.Andit'
sunderstandablethatsomeproponentsofintelligentdesign,orcreationism,pointedtothisasanexampleofhowGodcreatesthingsthataredeeply,richlyintricatesoastoperpetratethesurvivalofdifferentanimals.FromaDarwinianstandpoint,theDarwinianwouldagreewiththecreationistthatthiscouldn'
thavehappenedbyaccident,thisisjustfartoocomplicated,butwouldappealtothe--tothisasanexquisiteexampleofabiologicaladaptation,inparticularabiologicaladaptationregardingparentalcaretochildrenshapedbythefactthatchildrensharetheparents'
genesandsoparentswillevolveinwaysthatperpetratethesurvivaloftheirchildren.
Thenthere'
stheotherdirection,whichishowchildrenrespondtoparents,howtheyoungonesarewireduptoresonateandrespondindifferentwaystotheadultsaroundthem.Andwequicklytalkedaboutsomedifferenttheoriesofthis.AndI'
lljustreviewwhatwetalkedaboutlastclass.Babieswilldevelopanattachmenttowhoeverisclosest.They'
llusuallyprefertheirmothersbecausetheirmothersaretypicallythosewhoareclosesttothem.They'
llpreferhervoice,herface,hersmell.Itusedtobethoughtthatthereissomesortofmagicalmomentofimprintingthatwhenthebabyisborn,thebabymustseehisorhermotherand"
boom,"
aconnectionismade.Ifthebabydoesn'
t,terriblethingswillhappenwithattachmentlateron.Thisissilly.Thereisnoreasontobelievethere'
ssomespecialmomentorspecialfiveminutesorspecialhour.It'
sjustinthefullnessoftimebabieswilldevelopanattachmenttotheanimalthat'
sclosesttoit.Theywillrecognizeitas,atanimplicitlevel,atanunconsciouslevel,astheirkin.
Well,howdoesthiswork?
Howdoesthebaby'
sbraindevelop--cometodevelopanemotionalattachmenttothatcreature?
Well,yourememberfromSkinnerthatoperantconditioningcouldprovideagoodanswertothis.Andthisisknownasthe"
CupboardTheory,"
whichisbabieslovetheirmomsbecausetheirmomsprovidefood.It'
sthelawofeffect.It'
soperantconditioning.Theywillapproachtheirmotherstogetthefoodfromthem.Andtheywilldevelopanattachmentbecausetheirmotherprovidesfood.Andthisiscontrastedwithamorenativist,hard-wiredtheorydevelopedbyBowlbywhichclaimsthatthere'
stwothingsgoingon.Thereisadrawtomomforcomfortandsocialinteractionandfearofstrangers.
Now,intherealworld,it'
sdifficulttopullapartthesetwomeansofattractionbecausetheverysamewomanwho'
sgivingyoucomfortandsocialinteractionisalsotheonegivingyoumilk.Butinthelaboratoryyoucanpullthemapart.Andthat'
swhatHenryHarlowdidinthemoviesyousawlastweek.So,Harlowexposedprimatestotwodifferentmothers.Oneisawiremother.That'
saSkinnerianmother.That'
samotherwhogavefood.Theotherisaclothmotherset-upsothatshe'
dbecomfortableandgivewarmthandcuddling.Andthequestionis,"
Whichonedobabiesgofor?
Andasyoucanrememberfromthemovies,theresultsarefairlydecisive.Babiesgotothewiremothertoeat--asoneofthecharacterssaid,"
You'
vegottoeattolive."
Buttheyviewedthe--theylovedtheclothmother.Theydevelopedanattachmenttothewarm,cuddlymother.That'
stheonetheyusedasabasewhentheywerethreatened.That'
stheonetheyusedasabasefromwhichtoexplore.
Okay.Andthatactually--Oh,that'
sjust--Ihaveapicture.Andthatactuallytakesmetothe--Oh,exceptforonething,italmosttakesmetothe
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