外文翻译印度服装纺织行业的出口竞争力Word格式.docx
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外文翻译印度服装纺织行业的出口竞争力Word格式.docx
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出处:
openeconomiesreview
作者SAMARVERMAM
原文:
ExportCompetitivenessofIndianTextileandGarmentIndustry
INTRODUCTION
TheinternationaltradeintextileandclothingsectorshasbeenaegregiousexceptiontothemostfavourednationprincipleofGATTand,sincetheearly1960s,hasbeenacaseofmanagedtradethroughforcedconsensus.However,theWTOAgreementonTextileandClothing(ATC)markedasignificantturnaround.AccordingtotheATC,beginning1stJanuary1995,alltextilesandclothingproductsthathadbeenhithertosubjectedtoMFA-quota,arescheduledtobeintegratedintoWTOoveraperiodoftenyears.“Thedismantlingofthequotaregimerepresentsbothanopportunityaswellasathreat.Anopportunitybecausemarketswillnolongerberestricted;
athreatbecausemarketswillnolongerbeguaranteedbyquotas,andeventhedomesticmarketwillbeopentocompetition”.From1stJanuary2005,therefore,alltextileandclothingproductswouldbetradedinternationallywithoutquota-restrictions.Andthisimpendingrealitybringstheissueofcompetitivenesstotheforeforallfirmsinthetextileandclothingsectors,includingthoseinIndia.ItisimperativetounderstandthetruecompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingfirmsinordertomakeanassessmentofwhatliesaheadin2005andbeyond.
Owingtoitssignificantcontribution,theIndiantextileandclothingindustryoccupiesauniqueplaceintheIndianeconomy.Itcontributesabout4%ofGDPand14%ofindustrialoutput.Secondlargestemployerafteragriculture,theindustryprovidesdirectemploymentto35millionpeopleincludingsubstantialsegmentsofweakersectionsofsociety.Withaverylowimport-intensityofabout1.5%only,itisthelargestnetforeignexchangeearnerinIndia,earningalmost35%offoreignexchange.Thisistheonlyindustrythatisself-sufficientandcompleteincottonvaluechain-producingeverythingfromfibrestothehighestvalueaddedfinishedproductofgarments.ItsgrowthandvitalitythereforehascriticalbearingsontheIndianeconomyatlarge.
WhatIsCompetitiveness?
Competitivenessisaboutproductivity,whichinturnisafunctionoffactorsrelatedtocostofproducts,aswellasthoserelatedtonon-pricefactorssuchasdeliveryschedules,reliabilityofproducers,andsuchintangiblefactorslikeimageofthecountry/companyandbrandequity.Together,theydefinethecompetitivesinewsofaproducttocompeteunderconditionsoffreemarket.
However,inordertotranslateindustrycompetitivenessintosales(greaterexportshareinworldmarket),anothersetofissues-inadditiontoproductivity-needtobeexamined.Theserelatetomarketaccessconditions.Indeed,industrycompetitivenessofrestrainedexporterssuchasIndiawasnotmuchofanissueduringthelastalmostfourdecades,eversincetheShortTermArrangement(STA)of1961.Andthereasonlaynotinpriceandnon-pricefactors,butinthe‘managed’conditionsunderwhichglobaltradeintextileandclothingproductstookplace.Infact,itwaspreciselybecauseofthepricecompetitivenessofsomeAsianexportersinthe1950sandthe1960sthatthe“generallyandsolemnlyagreedrulesofpost-warpolicyconduct-includingthekeystoneofthesystem,thenon-discriminationrules-wereformallysetasideforreasonsregardedaspragmatic”.Thissystemofmanagedtrade,however,willcometoanendon31stDecember2004.
Forthepurposeofthisstudy,industryhasbeendefinedasagroupoffirmsmanufacturingproductsthatdirectlyorindirectlycompeteswitheachother.Itisimpliedthatnonationcanbecompetitiveinmanufacturingallgoodsandservices.Hence,industrycompetitivenessofanentirenationisnotquitemeaningful.Instead,sinceitisthefirmswhocompeteininternationalmarkets,theentireframeworkofcompetitivenesswouldrevolvearoundthestudyofthefirm.“…industrialsuccesswasfoundedonbehaviouroffirms,notonthedecisionsofgovernments”.Thelistofproducts(industries)identifiedisinAppendixA.
Objective&
ScopeOfTheStudy
TheobjectiveoftheprojectistoevaluatetheexportcompetitivenessofIndiantextileandclothingsectors.BecauseIndiantextileandclothingsectorispredominantlycottonbased,thisstudywouldfocusmainlyonthecottontextileandapparel,andlookattheentirevaluechainfromfibretogarmentandretaildistribution.
Withtheaforementionedobjectiveinmind,thisstudyhasfirstidentifiedtheproductsinIndianexportbasketwhichhaveshownapromisinggrowthinvalue,orinunitvalueandhaveaconsiderableweightintheIndianexportbasketonthebasisofrecentperformanceofIndianexportsoftextileandclothingsectorsintheUSandEUmarkets.
ResearchMethodology
Inordertoevaluatethedemand-sideofIndiantextileandclothingexports,thestudyhasanalysedthecompetitiveperformanceofIndianexportsofthe‘identified’productsintheUSandEUmarkets.Ithasalsobeenusedtohighlighttheroleofemergingtradepolicyenvironment-specifically,theroleofdiscriminatoryrulesoforigininRegionalTradingArrangements[RTAs],tariffpeaksandenvironmentalandlabourstandards-asmarketaccessissuesrelevanttotextileandclothingexportingcountries.
Toassessthesupply-sidefactorsofexportcompetitiveness,apreliminaryinterviewwasconductedwithafewexporters.Theinterviewsoughttheirviewsandopinionschieflyinrespectofthesupply-sidebottlenecksthattheyarefacinginIndia.Thesupply-sideframeworkisbasedmoreonopinionsthanondata/numbers.Theinferencesaboutthesupply-sidefactorsarethereforebasedontheopinionsexpressedbyexportersofidentifiedproducts.
GLOBALTRADEINTEXTILEANDCLOTHING:
INDIA’SCOMPETITIVEPERFORMANCE
DuringtheMFAperiod,thetextileexportersfromindustrialcountriesandthosefromdevelopingcountriesmerelychangedsharesbetweenthemselvesduringthe24yearsperiod.Theshareofindustrialcountriesdeclinedbyalmostasmuch(19.2%)aswasthegainintheshareofdevelopingcountries(18.8%).Clothingexporters.however,exhibitsignificantchanges,withtheshareoftop13exportershavingdeclinedby13.8%.Newentrantshavecomeinaswellassomeoldoneshavebeenknockedout.Ofthesenewentrants,most-ifnotall-arefromdevelopingcountries,sincetheshareofindustrialcountrieshasdeclinedduringtheperiod,andthatofdevelopingcountrieshasincreased.Thecountriesthataregainingshareinclothingexportsaretheoneswhoseindustriesareintegratedtooneortheotheradvancedcountrythroughsomepolicy-inducedpreferentialarrangements.Mexico,Caribbeanregion,EastEuropeancountriesandMediterraneancountriesarecapturingmuchofthespacevacated.Therehasbeenamuchdeeperglobalisationinclothingthanintextiles.Indeed,thathasbeenoneoftheprincipalreasonsforthedevelopedcountriesagreeingtoaneventualphase-outofMFAquotaintheURofnegotiations.
DuringtheMFAperiod,(between1973to1997,tobeprecise),whileintextiles,therewasaninexorableshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesandtodevelopingcountriesatlarge,inclothingtheshiftawayfromdevelopedcountriesisincreasinglybeinggrabbedby‘preferred’developingcountries.Thus,inclothing,thenon-preferredgroupofdevelopingcountriesisfightingamongstthemselvesforapiethatisincreasinglydeclining.Oneshouldexpectamuchhigherlevelofintra-industryandintra-firmtradeinclothingthanintextiles.Thisisentirelycompatiblewiththefactthatitisthetradeinclothingthatisgrowingfasterthanthatintextiles.Andthistrendislikelytodeepen,asclothingretailersconsolidate,andOutwardProcessingTrade(OPT)trafficincreases.Theopportunityclearlyliesmuchmoreinclothing,thoughthecaveatisthattheexportingcountrywouldhavetoachievethe‘preferred’status,andintegrateitsmanufacturingwiththatofanimportingcountryinordertocontinueexportingtotherestrictedmarkets.Thepressuretoexportwouldintensifyintheyearstocomesince80%ofadditionaloutputduring1995-2005isexpectedtobelocatedindevelopingcountries.Ontheotherhand,only50%oftheadditionalfibreconsumptionwouldoriginateindevelopingcountries.
India’sCompetitivePerformanceintheUS
1.Oftheeightcottonapparels,India’smarketshare(in2000)inUSimportmarketexceeded10%incottondresses(336),W&
Gwovenshirts(341),andcottonskirts(342).Marketsharegrewin336and341.In336,Indiaexportedhigherquantityatreducedprices,whilein341,Indiamovedupthevaluechain.ButtheUSimportmarketgrewstronglyin341and342,andnotasmuchin336.However,in341,thesizeofquotaisclosetothesizeofUShomemarket,whereasin336,about43%ofUShomemarketwouldbeopenedonlyon1stJanuary2005.Therefore,notmuchgrowthshouldbeexpectedin341intermsofUSmarketsize.Besides,therearenocurrentthreatsfrom‘preferred’developingcountriesin341yet.HencethisisonecategorywhereIndiashouldveryclearlyfocus,sincethecompetitorcountriesareessentiallyAsian.Theonebigthreat,wouldbeChina.Currently,ChinaexportsatanappreciablyhigheruvrcomparedtoIndia.Theevidencefrom1995-2000indicatethatChinahasupgradedits341fasterthanIndiahas.IfChinacontinuesonthatpath,Indiamaynotworrytoomuch,sincethegapbetweenIndianandChinesepriceswouldbequitesignificant.Butthen,ifIndiaalsoupgradesitsproduct,asithasdonein341,competitivenessbasedonlyonpricewillbeextremelyrisky.
2.Indescendingorderofuvr,Indianexportsofthechosencottonapparelsbelongtobetween40and50percentile,amongallsu
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