HND商务通讯ICTWord文档下载推荐.docx
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HND商务通讯ICTWord文档下载推荐.docx
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Thispictureshowsthatdifferentlevels(Strategic,Tactical,Operational)havemanydifferencesoncontent,responsbility,aimsaboutinformationandsoon.
Strategicmanagersisthemostseniormanagementoftheorganization.Thesemanagersareinvolvedintheformulationofstrategies,andtheTacticalmanageristhemiddlemanagers,whichareresponsibleforensuringthatthegoalsofstrategicmanagementareachieved.Operationalmanagersarethefirstlineofmanagementresponsiblefortheday-to-dayrunningofeachdepartment.
Strategicmanagersisthemostseniormanagementoftheorganization,theydeveloplong-termplanninganddevelopmentpoliciesandstrategies.Theyusetheirownjudgmenttomakeacomplexdecision,thewiderangeofinformation,externalinformationandmoreinternal,thislevelisalwaysdealingwithunstructuredissues.Intheoutside,theyaresubjecttopolicy,theinternationalsituation,theimpactofindustrycompetition,intheinternal,theyaresubjecttomarketresearchreports,theimpactofproductivity.
Tacticalmanagerisresponsibleforthemedium-termplanning,andsometimestheyareresponsibleforthebudgetcontrol,monitoring,developbusinesspolicies/objectives,accesstoresources,tosolvetheproblem,anddevelopnewmethods.Theyhavemoreinternal,lessexternal,theydecidedtoaffectsomepeople,butnotallofthecompanies.Theyshouldfollowthefactsandstatisticsofthestatisticsorhistoricalinformation,andrelyontheirownjudgment,thedecisionofthetacticalmanagementislikelytobeasemistructured.
OperationalManagerareresponsibleforsomebasicproblems,suchasregularactivities,monitoring,ensuringtheeffectiveuseofresources,staffinglevels,butalsotosolvestructuraloptimizationproblems.Operationalmanagersconsiderinternalfactors:
supplierandtraininginformation.Externalfactors:
attendance,vacation,equipment.
2.0InformationSystem
Strategic
ESS
ExecutiveSupportSystem(ESS)isareportingtoolwhichallowstoturnorganization‘sdataintousefulsummarizedreports.Thesereportsaregenerallyusedbyexecutivelevelmanagersforquickaccesstoreportscomingfromallcompanylevelsanddepartmentssuchasbilling,costaccounting,staffingscheduling,andmore.Itiseasytouse,anditrelyonmathematicalmodeling,Itprovideinformationinasummarizedformat.
ESSoftenhelpsthecompany'
sstrategicmanagementassessmentreporttotheDepartmentquickly.Itprovidesaflowofinformation.Ithelpsmanagerstoquicklymakeplansbyprovidinginformationaboutit.ESScentralizedordecentralizedbase,whichcanprovidealllevelsofvaluableinformationmanagementtothecompany.
Tactical
MIS
ManagementInformationSystem(MIS)providesinformationthatorganizationsrequiretomanagethemselvesefficientlyandeffectively.Itcollectsandpresentsmanagementinformationtoabusinessinordertofacilitateitscontrol.Managementinformationsysteminvolvefourprimaryresources:
EDPS,analysis,decisionmaking,anddatabase.
MIScanhelpleveltacticalplanning,organization,command,coordinationandcontrol.Itcanreducetheriskanduncertaintyofdecisionmaking.Managementinformationsystemscanhelpmakesomesalesdecisions,suchastargetedmarketsegmentationshouldbe,orsomeproductdecisions,inmostcases,adecisionisrequired,becauseitcanhelpmanagerstosolvespecificproblems.
Operational
TPS
Transactionprocessingisastyleofcomputingthatdividesworkintoindividual,indivisibleoperations,calledtransactions.ATransactionProcessingSystem(TPS)ortransactionserverisasoftwaresystem,orsoftware/hardwarecombination,thatsupportstransactionprocessing.Transactionprocessingsystemconsistofcomputerhardwareandsoftwarehostingatransaction-orientedapplicationthatperformstheroutinetransactionsnecessarytoconductbusiness.
TPScanhelpcompaniessolvebusinessdecisions.Itcanmeettheneedsofdailyinformation,suchassales,inventoryandpayment.CollecttheinformationfromTPS,andthecompanycanproducemoreprofitforthecompany'
sproducts.
3.0Theimplicationsofcurrentlegislationfordecisionmaking
TheDataProtectionAct
1998DataProtectionAct(DPA)istheactoftheUnitedKingdomParliamentontherightoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandtodefinetheidentityoftheUnitedKingdomoflawontheidentityofthelivingpersondataprocessing.InBritain,itisthemainregulationsfortheprotectionofpersonaldata.Althoughthebillitselfdoesnotmentiontheprivacy,itisthroughtheBritishlawintotheEUdataprotectiondirective1995,theDirectiverequiresMemberStatestoprotectthebasicrightsandfreedoms,inparticulartheirprivacy,personaldataprocessing.
ThebillwillbetheUnitedKingdom'
slawisdefinedastheidentificationofbiologicaldataprocessing.Governmentprocurementandpersonalorcorporateinformation,mustcomplywiththelawsandproceduresofdataprotection,andtominimizeduplicationofcollection.DataprotectionlawrequiresthatMemberStatestoprotectthebasicrightsandfreedomsofthepeople,inparticulartherighttoprivacyofpersonaldataprocessing.Inordertoensurethelegitimacyofthecollectedinformation,thepurposeandthescientificprocessofcollectinglegitimacyiscollected.
Example,CrownCateringServicescompanyshouldusethisbehavior.Itcanbetterprotecttheenterprisedataandinformation,reduceenterpriserisk.Forexample,theestablishmentofthecompanydatabase.Differentlevelsofstaffthroughdifferentinformationtoobtaindata,thusfacilitatingthedatacontentofthecorrectness,dataintegrityandaccuracy.
ComputerMisuseAct
TheComputerMisuseAct1990isanActoftheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom,TheActhasnonethelessbecomeamodelfromwhichseveralothercountries,includingCanadaandtheRepublicofIreland,havedrawninspirationwhensubsequentlydraftingtheirowninformationsecuritylaws.
TheActintroducedthreecriminaloffences:
Unauthorisedaccesstocomputeraccesswithintenttocommitorfacilitatecommissionoffurthermodificationofcomputermaterial.
Example,CrownCateringServicescompanyshouldusetheComputerMisuseAct.Companiesmusttakeadequatesecuritymeasurestopreventunauthorizedaccess.Forexample,thecompanycantrainthestaffofthemanagement,andsetapasswordforthecomputer.Itcanhelpcompaniestobetterprotectanddeveloptheirownsecurity.
4.0datacommunicationsystems
Alocalareanetwork(LAN)isacomputernetworkthatinterconnectscomputerswithinalimitedareasuchasahome,school,computerlaboratory,orofficebuilding,usingnetworkmedia.ThedefiningcharacteristicsofLANs,incontrasttowideareanetworks(WANs),includetheirsmallergeographicarea,andnon-inclusionofleasedtelecommunicationlines.
Awideareanetwork(WAN)isanetworkthatcoversabroadarea.,anytelecommunicationsnetworkthatlinksacrossmetropolitan,regional,nationalorinternationalboundaries)usingleasedtelecommunicationlines.(BanWei,2002year)BusinessandgovernmententitiesutilizeWANstorelaydataamongemployees,clients,buyers,andsuppliersfromvariousgeographicallocations.Inessence,thismodeoftelecommunicationallowsabusinesstoeffectivelycarryoutitsdailyfunctionregardlessoflocation.TheInternetcanbeconsideredaWANaswell,andisusedbybusinesses,governments,organizations,andindividualsforalmostanypurposeimaginable.
TheInternetisaglobalsystemofinterconnectedcomputernetworksthatusethestandardInternetprotocolsuite(TCP/IP)tolinkseveralbilliondevicesworldwide.Itisaninternationalnetworkofnetworksthatconsistsofmillionsofprivate,public,academic,business,andgovernmentpacketswitchednetworks,linkedbyabroadarrayofelectronic,wireless,andopticalnetworkingtechnologies.TheInternetcarriesanextensiverangeofinformationresourcesandservices,suchastheinter-linkedhypertextdocumentsandapplicationsoftheWorldWideWeb(WWW),theinfrastructuretosupportemail,andpeer-to-peernetworksforfilesharingandtelephony.
Thelocalareanetworkisalimiteddistancewithinthenetworkusuallywithinageographiclocation.Wideareanetworkisalarge-scalenetwork,whichcanbecontrolledandsharedresources.Itisbiggerthanalocalareanetwork.Internetisglobal,themostextensive.Itcanobtainalargeamountofinformationresources,tounderstandthemarketdemandsurvey.Threedatacommunicationsystemhasitsownadvantages,soitshouldbecombinedwitheachother,thedevelopmentofenterpriseswillbebetter.
5.0Benefitsofdatacommunicationsystems
LocalAreaNetwork
Throughthesharingofsoftwareandhardware,localareanetworkcanreducethecost.Therefore,companiescanshareresources,suchasprinters,tosavecosts.Secondly,thelocalareanetworkprovidesanopportunitytocommunicatewithothers,whichmeansthatthemanagercancommunicatewiththelocalareanetworkmoreeasily.Third,localareanetworkallowscompaniestosetpermissions,sodifferentlevelsofmanagementcansharedifferentinformationandfiles.
WideAreaNetwork
WANismoreconvenient,whenacompanyneedsalongdistancecommunication.Wideareanetworktransmissionspeedisgood,thetransmissionoflargeamountsofdata.andtransmissionrangeiswider.Itcanhelpcompaniessolvetheproblemofremotecommunicationandmanagement.Inaddition,thewideareanetworkcansavetimeandmoney.
Internet
TheInternetprovidesawealthofinformationresourcesandservices.TheInternetcanhelpcompaniesadvertise,soastoe
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