国际贸易实务Word文档格式.docx
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国际贸易实务Word文档格式.docx
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1shipmentcontract
ShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.
2symbolicdelivery
Symbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer.
3arrivalcontract
ArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.
4actualdelivery
Actualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.
IV.Shortquestions
1Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?
Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermsseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermssellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarrivethedestination.
2WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?
Majorsimilarities:
a.sellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Sellerisnottakingtheriskoflossordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.c.Sellermustobtaininsuranceagainstbuyer’srisk.Difference:
a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport.b.UnderCPTseller’sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbyseller.UnderCFRseller’sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodspassovertheship’srail.
3WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?
Seller.AccordingtoIncoterms2000,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.
4IfaChinesetradersignsaFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimporting?
Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha“namedportofshipment”,ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader’sperspective,heisimporting.
V.CaseStudies
1.(变形)AnFOBcontractstipulated,"
TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008.Ifthevesselfailstoarriveattheportofshipmentontime,theselleragreestosetasidethegoodsforadditional27days,andthebuyerwillbearallcostsofdelay."
itturnedoutthatundertheseller'
srepeatedrequests,thevesselnamedbythebuyerfinallyarrivedattheportofshipmentonMay1.Asaresult,thesellerrefusedtomaketheshipment.
(1)Wasthesellerentitledtocompensationforthewarehouserent,insuranceandinterestduetothedelay?
(2)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonApril25,shouldthebuyerpayforthedelay?
(3)IfthesellerhadsoldthegoodstoathirdpartyonMay1withabetterprice,washeentitledtoanycompensation?
析:
a案例中提到“shipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
也即是说,装运的最后期限为08年3月31日。
b文中提到的“additional27days”,根据合同卖方同意在买方船期延误的情况下为其将货物保留到4月27日。
(1)答案:
Yes。
答题切入点:
aFOB术语关于双方费用划分的规定;
b合同本身的条款规定。
(2)答案:
No。
合同本身的条款规定。
(3)这题与第一题相比,不同的一点在于“withabetterprice”。
解答时应对这一点进行分析:
在卖方卖出货物获得更高利润的情况下,他是否还应获得相关赔偿?
答案:
4.(日期变形)AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellChristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.The$1millioncontractstipulated,"
ThesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofdestinationbyDecember1,2008.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,andgettherefundforthepayment."
Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanicalproblems,thevesselarrivedatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlost$700,000.
(1)Wasthe"
arrivaldate"
clauseconsistentwithCIFtermunderIncoterms2000?
(2)Whattradetermisproperfortheobligationconcerningarrivaltime?
卖方受损的原因是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间,因此买方拒收货物。
从表面上看,似乎问题就是出在卖方违约上,但如果仔细分析就会发现,该合同本身的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。
合同用的是CIF术语,卖方在货过船舷时风险就转移。
卖方既不承担运输途中的风险,也不保证货物是否能抵达目的港。
CIF合同本质上是一个“shipmentcontract”。
但加上一条保证到岸时间的条款后,合同的性质发生了变化:
它变成了一个“arrivalcontract”。
也就是说,在货物按时抵达目的港之前的一切风险都由卖方承担,否则卖方就是违约。
No.
aCIF术语对双方风险及义务的划分,点出“shipmentcontract”这一概念;
b解释“arrivaldate”clause对合同性质的改变。
DES。
对比两个术语在义务、费用划分上的相似程度。
Chapterthree
1inquiry
Aninquiryistheactofapotentialclientaskingforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingacertaincommodity.
2offer
Anofferisasufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.
IVShortquestions
1Whatarethefourcomponentsofthestandardformofaprice?
Acodeofcurrency,anumber,aunitandatradeterm.
2Whatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweencommissionanddiscount?
Similarities:
Bothcommissionanddiscountareusedasincentivetopromotetransactions.
Differences:
a.Commissionpaymentisanadd-upontopoftheoriginalprice,whilediscountareduction;
b.Commissionmainlyappliestotransactionswhichinvolvemiddlepersonoragent.Discountcanbeusedwithoutparticularprerequisites.
1.ACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"
USD100percaseCIFNewYork"
.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldbeAC'
snewoffer?
A:
CFR=CIFx(1-UxR)=USD100x(1-110%x1.05%)=USD98.845
CRFC5=CFR/(1-C%)=USD98.845/(1-5%)=USD104.047
AC’snewofferwouldbe“USD104.047percaseCFRC5%NewYork”.
2Thepricequotedbyanexporterwas"
USD450percaseFOBShanghai"
.TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCIFAuckland.IfthefreightwasUSD50percase,110%ofthevaluewastobeinsured,andthepremiumrateforinsurancewas0.8%,whatwouldbethenewprice?
CFR=FOB+F=450+50=USD500
CIF=CFR/(1-UxR)=500/(1-110%x0.8%)=500/0.9912=USD504.44
Thenewofferwouldbe“USD504.44percaseCIFAuckland”.
Chapterfour
III.Calculation
CompanyChasacontracttoexport10metrictonsofSeafood,tobepackedincartonseachof40lb.(1lb=0.45358kg),witha5%moreorlessallowedbothinquantityandinamount.
1HowmanycartonsofSeafoodcanCompanyCdeliveratmost?
2HowmanycartonsofSeafoodshouldCompanyCdeliveratleast?
解:
1lb=0.45358kgso40lb=18.144kg
Maximum:
[10×
1000kg×
(1+5%)]/18.144
=578.7(Attention:
0.7shouldbedeletedhere)
=578cartons
Minimum:
[10×
(1-5%)]/18.144
=523.6(Attention:
0.6shouldbeaddedhere)
=524cartons
Answer:
1)Atmost,CompanyCcandeliver578cartonsofSeafood.
2)Atleast,CompanyCshoulddeliver524cartons.
IVExplainthefollowingterms
1qualitylatitude
Qualitylatitudemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.
2qualitytolerance
Qualitytolerancereferstothequalitydeviationrecognized(e.g.bysomeindustry),whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.
3moreorlessclause
“Moreorlessclause”referstothestipulationconstitutingpartofthequantityclauseinthecontractthatallowsthesellertodeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentageofmoreorlessinquantityaccordingly.Theuseof“moreorlessclause”isforthesakeofefficient.
4F.A.Q.
F.A.Q.istheabbreviationof“fairaveragequality”F.A.Q.isakindofstandardusedtoindicatethatthequalityoftheproductofferedisaboutequaltotheaveragequalitylevelofthesamecropwithinacertainperiodoftime(e.g.ayear.).
VI.CaseStudies
1ABeijingcompanysignedacontracttoimportwoolfromAustralia.Thequantitywasspecifiedas“20M/T”.Whenthewoolwasdelivered,ithadaregainof33%.
(1)Whatisaregain?
(2)Whydidthebuyergetabaddeal?
(3)Ifthestandardregainis10%,andactualregainis33%,whatistheconditionedweight?
本题的解题要点:
a.文中提到合同约定的数量是“20MT”,应理解为净重。
因为计算重量的方法有毛重,净重,公量等,而根据联合国国际货物销售合同公约第五十六条,如果价格是按货物的重量规定的,如有疑问,应按净重确定。
b.合同商品的羊毛,具有较强的吸湿性,其所含的水分受客观环境的影响较大,故其重量很不稳定。
为了准确计算这类商品的重量,国际贸易中买卖双方通常会约定标准(公定)回潮率,采用按公量计算的办法。
(1)答案:
回潮是指货物(纤维材料)在环境温度下吸湿含水的现象。
回潮率则是指货物(纤维材料)含水重量占货物(纤维材料)干重的百分比
答题的切入点:
回潮(率)的概念
(2)答案:
买方这笔交易不划算。
因为合同中没有明确规定计算重量的方法,只能按净重计算。
因此当卖方实际交货的羊毛,因具有较强的吸湿性而其所含的水分高达33%是,买方也别无他法,只得按净重(连带33%的水分)计算付款。
∵ConditionedWeight=DriedNetWeightx(1+StandardRegain)
∴DriedNetWeight=NetWeight/(1+ActualRegain)
=20/(1+33%)=15.04M/T
Mois
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