Simultaneous interpretingA relevancetheoretic approachWord格式.docx
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Simultaneous interpretingA relevancetheoretic approachWord格式.docx
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Abstract
Thispaperisanattempttodiscussaspecificmodeoftranslation—simultaneousinterpreting(SI)—withintheframeworkofrelevancetheory(RT).ItisbasedonErnst-AugustGutt’saccountoftranslation,TranslationandRelevance:
CognitionandContext(2000).Theintroductionpresentsthenotionofsimultaneousinterpretingasinterpretiveuseoflanguage,inwhichthespeechproducedbytheinterpreterachievesrelevancebyvirtueofitsinterpretiveresemblancewiththesourcespeech.Partonereflectsonthedifferencesbetweenwrittentranslationandsimultaneousinterpreting.Parttwoconsidersthequestionofeffort,acrucialrelevancetheoreticconcept,intermsoftheeffortexpendedbothbytheinterpreterandbyherlisteners.Partthreediscussestheroleoftheinterpreterinthecommunicativeactandthepossibledegreesofinterpretiveresemblanceachievedbytheinterpreter’srenderingofthesourcespeech.Partfoursuggestsafewrelevance-theoreticexplanationstocertaintypesoferrorsinsimultaneousinterpreting.Thepapercomestotheconclusionthatrelevancetheoryisnotonlyanexcellentframeworkforsimultaneousinterpretingresearchbutalsoapossibletoolforimprovinginterpreter-trainingmethods.
1.Introduction
AccordingtoGrice,oneoftheessentialfeaturesofhumancommunicationistheexpressionandrecognitionofintentions(Grice1989).Relevancetheorytakesthisideaanddevelopsitintoanempiricaltheoryofinferentialcommunication,accordingtowhichacommunicatorprovidesevidenceofhisintentiontoconveyacertainmeaning,whichisinferredbytheaudienceonthebasisoftheevidenceprovided(Sperber&
Wilson1995).Accordingtothisapproach,mostcommunicationbetweenhumansisostensive-inferentialcommunication.Theremustbeostensiononthepartofthespeakerandthehearermustinferthemeaningofwhatisbeingostensivelycommunicated.
Simultaneousinterpreting(SI)isaservice
practicedinprofessionalconditions,inwhichinterpretersinasound-proofboothwithheadsets,controlconsolesandmicrophones,andadirectviewonthemeetingroom,deliverversionsofthediscourseindi¤
erentlanguages‘online,’withalagofafewseconds,alternatingevery20–30minutesorasspeakerstaketurnsontheconferencefloor.(Setton1999:
1)
Thisisaspecialformofostensivehumancommunication:
thereisaspeakeronapodium,withamicrophone,addressinganaudiencewhichisthereexpresslytohearhimandlearnasmuchaspossiblefromwhathewillsay.Theaudiencecannothelpbutperceivetheostensivecommunicativebehaviorofthespeakerandwillthereforeautomaticallymakeinferencesandattributemeaningtowhatheissaying.Theroleoftheinterpreteristofacilitatethisexchangewhenspeakerandaudiencedonotspeakthesamelanguage.Theinterpreterperceivestheostensivecommunicativebehaviorofthespeakerandmustmakeher1owninformativeintentioncleartoherhearers.Sheisnottheprimaryaddresseeofthecommunication;
norisshetheinitiatorortheaddresseeofthemessage.Thespeaker’sostensionisnotdirectedatherbutatthemembersoftheaudience,boththosewhospeaktheconferencelanguageandthosewhousesimultaneousinterpreting(Setton1999:
8).
Theinterpreterdoesnothaveatherdisposalthesameresourcesasthespeaker:
shecannotusuallybeseenbytheaudience,andthereforecannotusevisualpragmaticcluestomakeherintentionsclear.Whatshedoeshave,andmustusetoheradvantage,istheaudience’scompleteattention.Eventhoughtheaudiencecannotseetheinterpreters,theyhavethemintheirheads,sotospeak,throughearphones.Whenthespeakerbeginshislecture,presentation,speech,etc.,itistheinterpreter’svoicethattheaudiencewillhear.Theinterpretercanusethistoconvey,throughchoiceofwordorder,intonation,pauses,etc.,themeaning,bothexplicitandimplicit,ofwhatisbeingcommunicatedbythespeaker.Inthissense,theroleoftheinterpreteristhatofanintermediary.Sheattemptstoinfertherelevanceoftheoriginalspeechforheraudienceandfindshowbesttoexpressthisinthetargetlanguage.
RelevancetheorycanmakeanimportantcontributiontoSIresearchandtheorybecauseitaimstoexplainincognitivelyrealistictermswhathappensincommunication.Itclaimsthattheexpectationsofrelevanceraisedbyanutterancemaybepreciseenough,andpredictableenough,toguidethehearertowardsthespeaker’smeaning.WhatIwishtodoisdiscusshowinterpreterscanusetheprinciplesandmechanismsproposedbyrelevancetheory(andgoodinterpretersdothisintuitively)tofulfilltheaudience’sexpectationsofrelevancebyproducingaspeechinthetargetlanguagethatachievesrelevancebyvirtueofitsinterpretiveresemblancewiththesourcespeech.Theinterpreter’sutterancesaremeant‘‘notsimplytoexpressthesameideasthatsomeoneexpressed,but[topresent]thoseideasasanexpressionofwhatthatpersonexpressed’’(Gutt2000:
209–210).
ThisisthemainconceptbehindErnst-AugustGutt’sTranslationandRelevance:
CognitionandContext(2000),onwhichIwillbasemostoftheremarksinthispaper.Guttclaimsthattranslationis‘‘interlingualinterpretiveuseoflanguage’’(Gutt2000:
127).Heusestherelevance-theoreticconceptofinterpretiveuseoflanguagetoexplaintheprocessoftranslationandthechoicesmadebytranslatorswhenfacedwithdifficultsourcetexts.
Guttbelievesthattherearetwocommunicativeacts(speakertoaudience;
translator/interpretertoaudience)takingplacebothintranslationandininterpreting:
...translationisanactofcommunicationbetweentranslatorandtargetaudienceonly.Thisistrueeveninsimultaneousinterpretation,wheretheoriginalauthormaybephysicallytogetherwiththetargetaudience.Asfarastheaudienceisconcerned,whattheyareactuallyconfrontedwithisthetargettextproducedbythetranslator;
thattextcomeswithapromiseorpresumptionofinterpretivelyresemblingtheoriginaltext,buttheoriginaltextdoesnotreachthetargetaudience.(Gutt2000:
214–215italicsasinoriginal)
Accordingtorelevancetheory,anutterancemaybeuseddescriptivelyorinterpretively.Itisuseddescriptivelywhenitrepresentssomestateofaffairsbyvirtueofitspropositionalformbeingtrueofthatstateofaffairs.Itisusedinterpretivelywhenitspropositionalformrepresentsanotherpropositionalformbyvirtueofaresemblanceincontentbetweenthetwo.Thisrelationshipofinterpretiveresemblancebetweenpropositionalformsisbasedonthesharingofsomeoralloftheirlogicalproperties(andmoreparticularlytheirlogicalandcontextualimplications).Guttbelievesthatatranslatedtextshouldinterpretivelyresembletheoriginal‘‘inrespectsthatmakeitadequatelyrelevanttotheaudience—thatis,thatofferadequatecontextualeffects’’(whatarenowcalledcognitiveeffectsincurrentrelevance-theorytexts)andthatatranslationshouldbeexpressed‘‘insuchamannerthatityieldstheintendedinterpretationwithoutputtingtheaudiencetounnecessaryprocessingeffort.’’Hegoesontosaythat
Theseconditionsseemtoprovideexactlytheguidancethattranslatorshavebeenlookingfor:
theydetermineinwhatrespectsthetranslationshouldresembletheoriginal—onlyinthoserespectsthatcanbeexpectedtomakeitadequatelyrelevanttothereceptorlanguageaudience.Theydeterminealsothatthetranslationshouldbeclearandnaturalinexpressioninthesensethatitshouldnotbeunnecessarilydifficulttounderstand.(Gutt2000:
107)
IthinkGutt’srelevance-theoreticaccountoftranslationasinterpretiveuseoflanguagecanbeappliedtosimultaneousinterpretingwithinterestingresults,eventakingintoaccounttheconsiderabledifferencesbetweenthetwoprocesses.
AnotherimportantsourceforthispaperisRobinSetton’sSimultaneousInterpretation:
ACognitive-PragmaticAnalysis(1999),whichexplainsSIintermsofrelevancetheory,mentalmodelstheoryandframetheory.AccordingtoSetton,giventhatRThasfocusedchieflyonconversationsandSIinvolveslongertextsinatask-orientedperspective,itisnecessarytodrawonotherpragmatictheoriesbesidesRT.HeproposesacognitivemodelforSIwhichis‘‘necessarilyahybridofbestavailabletheories’’(Setton1999:
64).
Ibelievetherelevance-theoreticframeworktobesufficientforthepurposesathand,sootherpragmatictheorieswillnotbetakenintoaccount.IdonotproposeanyspecificcognitivemodelforSI,besidesthatproposedinrelevancetheoryforostensive-inferentialcommunication.
2.Differencesbetweentranslationandsimultaneousinterpreting
Thereareimportantdifferencesbetweenthesetwoformsofinterlingualinterpretiveuseoflanguage.Intranslationthereisusuallyadequateknowledgeoftheinformativeintentionoftheauthorofthesourcetext.Thetranslatorcandoresearchontheauthor,hislifeandwork,anyhistoricaleventsinvolved,thecharactersorpeoplementioned,aswellasusedictionaries,encyclopedias,theinternet,etc.,toresolveanydifficulties.Inthecaseoflivingauthors,sometimesshecanconsultwiththeauthorhimself.Ontheotherhand,withtheexceptionofhighlytechnicaltexts,thetranslatormayonlyhaveaveryvagueideaofwhoheraddresseesare.
Asaresult,shehasnoobviouswayofascertainingwhatwouldberelevanttothem.
Incontrast,inSIthereisimmediateknowledgebothoftheaddresseesandofthespeakersincetheyareinfullviewoftheinterpreters.Itisrelativelystraightforwardforinterpreterstoinferwhatwouldbe
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