英语文体学教程Word文档格式.docx
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英语文体学教程Word文档格式.docx
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3,whatfactorscanresultindifferencesinstyle?
Answer,1,thedifferenttypesofvocabularycreatedifferentimagesoftheeventsinthereader’smind,sotheycanresultindifferentstyles.2,peoplelivingindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorywillalsospeakdifferently,andthatwillresultinadifferentstyle.
Chapter2
1,explainthefollowingterms
1),foregrounding:
thestylisticallysignificantfeatureshavetobeprominentandmotivated,thatis,foregrounded.
2),incongruity:
thelinguisticfeaturesdepartfromthenormaluseoflanguage,breakingtherulesgrammar,spelling,pronunciation.
3)deflection:
thelinguisticfeaturesdon’tdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence.
4),field;
itsconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theeventshappenings,going-ons,thecontent,etc
5)tenor:
itsconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.
6)mode:
itsconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritiswrittenorspoken,orwhetheritisexpressedbyphonicsubstanceorgraphicsubstance.
2,questionfordiscussion
2)inrhetoricalseries,thenumberofitemscaninfluencethestylisticeffect.trytoanalyzethecausesonthebasisofsocialculture.
Answer:
differentnumbersofwordscanproducedifferentstylisticeffectsintheappropriatecontexts.Twoitemsexpressassertion,thatis,itisjustthis,notthat.Inappropriatesituationsthreeitemscanproduceethic,persuasive,andrepresentativeeffect.Fourormoreitemsinaseriesstressalargenumberoftheconcretethings,andthesecanproduceanimageryinthemindofthereaderthatthelargeamountofthingsconstitutesasignificantsituationinwhichcertainaspectarehighlighted.Anotherfunctionoftherhetoricalseriesistouseconcreteitemstohighlightabstractconceptssothattheabstractconceptcanbeexpressedinconcrete,livelyandvividwaytoenhancetheaestheticvalueoflanguage.
3)whatfactorsaffectthewriter’sselectionofwordsandstyle
fivecriteriafortheselectionofwords:
whethertheyarefamiliarornotfamiliar,whethertheyareconcreteorabstract,whethertheyaresingleormore,whethertheyareshortandsimple.Orlong.WhethertheyareAnglo–saxonwordsorlatinwords.field,tenor,modeaffectthewriter’sselectionofstyle.
4)whatisthecriterionusedtoclassifywords
wecanusemoresystematicwaytoclassifywordaccordingtoregisteranddialect.register:
field,tenor,mode.dialect:
regionaldialect,suchasLondondialect;
socialdialectsuchasdialectofage,race,etc.temporaldialectsuchasodEnglish.
5)throughwhatchannelscanwordsbeusedtoachievetransferredmeaning?
simile:
xislikeY,egasbusyasbee.Metaphor:
XisY,egheisapig.
Synecdocheegmanyhandsrepresentthepeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.Metonymyegpurserepresentmoney.
Chapter3
1,explainthefollowingterms
1),chiasmus:
chiasmusisformedbyinvertingthewordorderofthesecondpartofaparallelstructure,soitformsakindofantitheticalstructure.Eg:
letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.
2)antistrophe:
itistherepetitionofthesameitemsbutininvertedorder,eg:
what’spollytome,ormetopolly?
3)epizeuxis:
itisacontinuousrepetitionforhighlightingaparticularfeature.
4)ploce:
therepetitionisnotcontinuous,butintermittentordispersedinthetext.
5)loosesentence:
putthemajorideafirstandthantheillustration.suchasentenceiseasytograsp.
6)periodicsentence:
aperiodicsentencecanbeusedtocreatesuspense,orexpectation,thusdrawingthelistener’sattentiontotheendofthesentence.itcanbeusedtoproducehumorousandemphaticeffect.
2,questionfordiscussion
1),therearemanytypesofsyntacticdeflection,buttheyhaveonethingincommon:
recurrenceofstructures.Howissyntacticdeflectionclassified?
therearetwotypeofsyntacticdeflection:
theunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrenceofacertaintypeofsentence;
andtheoverregularoccurrenceofaparticularpattern.
2)thehighfrequencyofoccurrenceoflongandshortsentencecancreatestylisticeffect.apartfromthedifferenceinexpressivemeanings,whatareothercharacteristicsofthetwotypesofsentences?
longsentencesaregoodtoprovidethedetaileddescriptions,andaregoodtorevealthementalactivitiesofthespeaker.sotheyareusedtoproduceavivid,rich,exuberant,luxuriousstyle.Shortsentence:
canproducedirect,terse,concise,cleareffectorcontinuous,compact,swifteffect,sothatitcreatescertainatmosphere,andleaveadeepimpressiononthelisteners.
3)whydowritersoftenviolatetheruleofgrammar?
Whatdowecalthisviolation?
Answer:
wecallthisviolationsyntacticincongruity.theviolationofthegrammaticalrulescanbeusedtoproducecertainstylisticeffects.Theso-calledungrammaticalsentencesareusedtorepresentthedifferentvarietiesoflanguageaccordingtoregisteranddialect.Inliteraryworks,dialecticalandpersonalfeaturesofspeechareoftenusedtodepictthepersonalityofthecharacters.Inpoetry,thepoetoftenusesdeviantgrammaticalstructurestoachievespecialeffects,makeslinesterseandconcise,tomakeitrichinmeaning.
4)whatisthefunctionofrhetoricalquestions?
Arhetoricalquestionistousetheformofaquestioninordertoexpressastrongemotionortoemphasizeaparticularaspect.Thefunctionofinvertedsentenceistomakeadeclarativesentencemorepowerful,toattractthelistener’sattention,ortoinduceothers’sympathy.Arrangedinparallelism,rhetoricalquestionscanexpressstrongemotionsandincreasethepersuasivepower.Arhetoricalquestioncanalsointroducethetopicofthetext.
5)Inwhatwayscanweuseinvertedsentencestoachieveemphaticeffect?
tochangethenormalwordordercanbeusedtoproducesomeemphaticeffect.Whatisputtotheinitialpartofthesentenceisusuallythefocusofinformationoftheclauseandalsothethemeofheclause.Soitishighlighted.
Chapter4
1explainthefollowingterms
1)Synaesthesia:
itreferstothefactthatsoundssareattributedwithcertainvaluesorestheticfeatures.Itisverycasual,andsupportedbysituationalfeaturesandmeaning.
2)Alliteration:
referstotherepetitionoftheinitialsoundusuallyaconsonant,oravowelatfirstposition,intwoormorewordsthatoccurclosetogether.
3)Assonance:
referstotheuseofthesameorrelatedvowelsoundsinsuccessivewords.Itcancreateharmoniouseffect.
4)Consonance:
referstotherepetitionofthelastconsonantsofthestresseswordsattheendofthelines.
2questionsfordiscussion
1)Whatarethecharacteristicofspokenlanguageandwrittenlanguagerespectively?
spokenlanguage:
1itcandirectlybeaccompaniedbyothernon-linguisticmeansastheaid;
2itisgenerallyspeakingnotasformalaswrittenlanguage;
3itpermitserrorsintheprocessofproduction;
4itusesaparticulargrammar,agrammarcharacteristicsofspokenlanguage.5homophonescanbeusedforspecialstylisticeffects,suchaspun;
6someimplicationsarebestrepresentedbyspecialsoundfeatures;
7soundfeaturecanrepresentthefeatureofregionaldialectorsocialdialect.
Writtenlanguage:
1aswrittenlanguagecommunicationisusuallynotadirectone,butisdelayedintimeandatdifferentplaces,thewritergenerallyhastimetogetwellpreparedandrevisethetextbeforehesendsitouttothereader;
2asspaceislimited,ithasspecialgrammaticalfeaturessoastoputmoremeaninginit.therearemanynominalizationstomakesentencesintogroups;
3writtenlanguageisoftenusedinamoreformalsituation;
4astimeisenough,itisusuallywritteninamoredetailedandlogicalway;
5aswrittenlanguageismorepurposeful,andforasinglespecificgoal,itisusuallymoreconstantanddevelopedaroundasinglesubject.
2)Howmanysoundpatternsdowehave?
Whatspecialstylisticeffectscanbea
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