GentooLPI certification 101 release 2 exam prep Part 4Word格式.docx
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GentooLPI certification 101 release 2 exam prep Part 4Word格式.docx
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Welcometo"
Advancedadministration,"
thelastoffourtutorialsdesignedtoprepareyoufortheLinuxProfessionalInstitute'
s101(release2)exam.Inthistutorial(Part4),we'
llbolsteryourknowledgeofadvancedLinuxadministrationskillsbycoveringavarietyoftopicsincludingLinuxfilesystems,theLinuxbootprocess,runlevels,filesystemquotas,andsystemlogs.
Thistutorialisparticularlyappropriateforsomeonewhomaybeservingastheprimarysysadminforthefirsttime,sincewecoveralotoflow-levelissuesthatallsystemadministratorsshouldknow.IfyouarenewtoLinux,werecommendthatyoustartwithPart1andworkthroughtheseriesfromthere.Forsome,muchofthismaterialwillbenew,butmoreexperiencedLinuxusersmayfindthistutorialtobeagreatwayof"
roundingout"
theirfoundationalLinuxsystemadministrationskillsandpreparingforthenextLPIcertificationlevel.
Bytheendofthisseriesoftutorials(eightinallcoveringtheLPI101and102exams),youwillhavetheknowledgeyouneedtobecomeaLinuxSystemsAdministratorandwillbereadytoattainanLPICLevel1certificationfromtheLinuxProfessionalInstituteifyousochoose.
Forthosewhohavetakentherelease1versionofthistutorialforreasonsotherthanLPIexampreparation,youprobablydon'
tneedtotakethisone.However,ifyoudoplantotaketheexams,youshouldstronglyconsiderreadingthisrevisedtutorial.
TheLPIlogoisatrademarkofLinuxProfessionalInstitute.
Abouttheauthors
Fortechnicalquestionsaboutthecontentofthistutorial,contacttheauthors:
∙DanielRobbins,atDanielRobbins
∙ChrisHouser,atChrisHouser
∙AronGriffis,atAronGriffis.
DanielRobbinslivesinAlbuquerque,NewMexico,andistheChiefArchitectofGentooTechnologies,Inc.,thecreatorofGentooLinux,anadvancedLinuxforthePC,andthePortagesystem,anext-generationportssystemforLinux.HehasalsoservedasacontributingauthorfortheMacmillanbooksCalderaOpenLinuxUnleashed,SuSELinuxUnleashed,andSambaUnleashed.Danielhasbeeninvolvedwithcomputersinsomefashionsincethesecondgrade,whenhewasfirstexposedtotheLogoprogramminglanguageaswellasapotentiallydangerousdoseofPacMan.ThisprobablyexplainswhyhehassinceservedasaLeadGraphicArtistatSONYElectronicPublishing/Psygnosis.Danielenjoysspendingtimewithhiswife,Mary,andtheirdaughter,Hadassah.
ChrisHouser,knowntohisfriendsas"
Chouser,"
hasbeenaUNIXproponentsince1994whenjoinedtheadministrationteamforthecomputersciencenetworkatTaylorUniversityinIndiana,whereheearnedhisBachelor'
sdegreeinComputerScienceandMathematics.Sincethen,hehasgoneontoworkinWebapplicationprogramming,userinterfacedesign,professionalvideosoftwaresupport,andnowTru64UNIXdevicedriverprogrammingatCompaq.Hehasalsocontributedtovariousfreesoftwareprojects,mostrecentlytoGentooLinux.HeliveswithhiswifeandtwocatsinNewHampshire.
AronGriffisgraduatedfromTaylorUniversitywithadegreeinComputerScienceandanawardthatproclaimedhimthe"
FutureFounderofaUtopianUNIXCommune"
.Workingtowardsthatgoal,AronisemployedbyCompaqwritingnetworkdriversforTru64UNIX,andspendinghissparetimeplunkingouttunesonthepianoordevelopingGentooLinux.HeliveswithhiswifeAmy(alsoaUNIXengineer)inNashua,NH.
2.
Filesystems,partitions,andblockdevices
Introductiontoblockdevices
Inthissection,we'
lltakeagoodlookatdisk-orientedaspectsofLinux,includingLinuxfilesystems,partitions,andblockdevices.Onceyou'
refamilarwiththeinsandoutsofdisksandfilesystems,we'
llguideyouthroughtheprocessofsettinguppartitionsandfilesystemsonLinux.
Tobegin,I'
llintroduce"
blockdevices"
.ThemostfamousblockdeviceisprobablytheonethatrepresentsthefirstIDEdriveinaLinuxsystem:
CodeListing
2.1:
FirstIDEdriveinLinux
/dev/hda
IfyoursystemusesSCSIdrives,thenyourfirstharddrivewillbe:
2.2:
FirstSCSIdriveinLinux
/dev/sda
Layersofabstraction
Theblockdevicesaboverepresentanabstractinterfacetothedisk.UserprogramscanusetheseblockdevicestointeractwithyourdiskwithoutworryingaboutwhetheryourdriversareIDE,SCSI,orsomethingelse.Theprogramcansimplyaddressthestorageonthediskasabunchofcontiguous,randomly-accessible512-byteblocks.
Partitions
UnderLinux,wecreatefilesystemsbyusingaspecialcommandcalledmkfs(ormke2fs,mkreiserfs,etc.),specifyingaparticularblockdeviceasacommand-lineargument.
However,althoughitistheoreticallypossibletousea"
wholedisk"
blockdevice(onethatrepresentstheentiredisk)like/dev/hdaor/dev/sdatohouseasinglefilesystem,thisisalmostneverdoneinpractice.Instead,fulldiskblockdevicesaresplitupintosmaller,moremanageableblockdevicescalledpartititons.Partitionsarecreatedusingatoolcalledfdisk,whichisusedtocreateandeditthepartitiontablethat'
sstoredoneachdisk.Thepartitiontabledefinesexactlyhowtosplitupthefulldisk.
Introducingfdisk
Wecantakealookatadisk'
spartitiontablebyrunningfdisk,specifyingablockdevicethatrepresentsafulldiskasanargument.
Note:
Alternateinterfacestothedisk'
spartitiontableincludecfdisk,parted,andpartimage.Irecommendthatyouavoidusingcfdisk(despitewhatthefdiskmanualpagemaysay)becauseitsometimescalculatesdiskgeometryincorrectly.
2.3:
UsingfdiskonIDEdrive
#fdisk/dev/hda
2.4:
UsingfidksonSCSIdrive
#fdisk/dev/sda
Important:
Youshouldnotsaveormakeanychangestoadisk'
spartitiontableifanyofitspartitionscontainfilesystemsthatareinuseorcontainimportantdata.Doingsowillgenerallycausedataonthedisktobelost.
Insidefdisk
Onceinfdisk,you'
llbegreetedwithapromptthatlookslikethis:
2.5:
fidskgreetingprompt
Command(mforhelp):
Typeptodisplayyourdisk'
scurrentpartitionconfiguration:
2.6:
Displayingcurrentparitionconfiguration
p
Disk/dev/hda:
240heads,63sectors,2184cylinders
Units=cylindersof15120*512bytes
DeviceBootStartEndBlocksIdSystem
/dev/hda1114105808+83Linux
/dev/hda2154926460082Linuxswap
/dev/hda3507015876083Linux
/dev/hda4712184159818405Extended
/dev/hda5712091050808+83Linux
/dev/hda62103481050808+83Linux
/dev/hda73496262101648+83Linux
/dev/hda86279042101648+83Linux
/dev/hda990521849676768+83Linux
ThisparticulardiskisconfiguredtohousesevenLinuxfilesystems(eachwithacorrespondingpartitionlistedas"
Linux"
)aswellasaswappartition(listedas"
Linuxswap"
).
Blockdeviceandpartitioningoverview
Noticethenameofthecorrespondingpartitionblockdevicesontheleftside,startingwith/dev/hda1andgoingupto/dev/hda9.IntheearlydaysofthePC,partitioningsoftwareonlyallowedamaximumoffourpartitions(calledprimarypartitions).Thiswastoolimiting,soaworkaroundcalledextendedpartitioningwascreated.Anextendedpartitionisverysimilartoaprimarypartition,andcountstowardstheprimarypartitionlimitoffour.However,extendedpartitionscanholdanynumberofso-calledlogicalpartitionsinsidethem,providinganeffectivemeansofworkingaroundthefourpartitionlimit.
Partitioningoverview,continued
Allpartitionshda5andhigherarelogicalpartitions.Thenumbers1through4arereservedforprimaryorextendedpartitions.
Inourexample,hda1throughhda3areprimarypartitions.hda4isanextendedpartitionthatcontainslogicalpartitionshda5throughhda9.Youwouldneveractuallyuse/dev/hda4forstoringanyfilesystemsdirectly--itsimplyactsasacontainerforpartitionshda5throughhda9.
Partitiontypes
Also,noticethateachpartitionhasan"
Id,"
alsocalledapartitiontype.Wheneveryoucreateanewpartition,youshouldensurethatthepartitiontypeissetcorrectly.83isthecorrectpartitiontypeforpartitionsthatwillbehousingLinuxfilesystems,and82isthecorrectpartitiontypeforLinuxswappartitions.Yousetthepartitiontypeusingthetoptioninfdisk.TheLinuxkernelusesthepartitiontypesettingtoauto-detectfileystemsandswapdevicesonthediskatboot-time.
Usingfdisktosetuppartitions
Nowthatyou'
vehadyourintroductiontothewaydiskpartitioningisdoneunderLinux,it'
stimetowalkthroughtheprocessofsettingupdiskpartitionsandfilesystemsforanewLinuxinstallation.Inthisprocess,wewillconfigureadiskwithnewpartitionsandthencreatefilesystemsonthem.ThesestepswillprovideuswithacompletelycleandiskwithnodataonitthatcanthenbeusedasabasisforanewLinuxinstallation.
Tofollowthesesteps,youneedtohaveaharddrivethatdoesnotcontainanyimportantdata,sincethesestepswillerasethedataonyourdisk.Ifthisisallnewtoyou,youmaywanttoconsiderjustreadingthesteps,orusingaLinuxbootdiskonatestsystemsothatnodatawillbeatrisk.
Whatthepartitioneddiskwilllooklike
Afterwewalkthroughthepro
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